东北农牧交错区生态环境影响因素研究

东北农牧交错区属于典型的环境脆弱区,也是我国水土流失、土地荒漠化和草场退化等生态环境问题最为严重的地区之一.深入研究其脆弱环境形成过程中自然因素和人为因素的作用孰轻孰重,对于在生态环境保护与治理过程中有针对性地采取相关政策和措施具有重要的实践价值.以内蒙古东部的通辽和辽宁西部的朝阳为样本点,选取反映自然和人为因素作用的指标,通过主成分分析法对该区域脆弱环境和土地荒漠化形成影响因素进行了比较研究.结果表明,人为因素的影响在东北农牧交错区脆弱环境和土地荒漠化发展过程中起主导作用,综合因素和自然因素的影响强度因地而异.     

新疆罗布泊地区凝结水试验

采用称重法,在高含盐量的罗布泊北部凹地首次进行了凝结水的野外监测,根据监测数据分析了罗布泊地区凝结水的生成规律.研究结果表明罗布泊存在凝结水;2005年7月、10月、12月3次监测时期里日均凝结水量分别为0.293,0.127,0.275 mm;凝结水来源于空气中的水气和深部土壤水分;发生的时间基本在晚上22∶00至次日凌晨8∶00;影响凝结水产生的主要因素为近地面大气温度与地表土壤温度差、空气相对湿度、冻结期等,土壤的高含盐量也有利于凝结水的生成.     

Assessment of man-made and natural hazards in the surroundings of hydropower projects under construction in the beas valley of northwestern Himalaya

Mountain ecosystem,on the earth,has plenty of natural resources. In Himachal Pradesh all the rivers are snowfed and therefore rich in water resources. These resources have been supporting enough for the generation of electricity through introducing hydropower projects since the last decade. However,every developmental activity has its own negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Due to the fragile nature of topography and delicacy of ecology of the Himalaya,it results in lot of disturbances because of high degree of human interferences like construction of major hydropower projects. The increased extent of geological hazards,such as landslides,rock fall and soil erosion,have mainly due to alike developmental interventions in the natural ecosystem. So understanding and analysing such impacts of the hydropower projects have mainly been on the environment in various forms but natural hazards have been frequent ones. The present study,therefore,focuses mainly on the Parbati Stage Ⅱ (800 MW) and the Parbati Stage Ⅲ (520 MW) hydropower projects; both of which fall within the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Based on the perception survey of the local communities,the existing land use pattern,status of total acquired land of the residents by hydropower projects,frequent natural hazards and resultant loss to the local communities due to upcoming construction of hydropower projects surrounding to the Parbati Stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ have been analysed in the paper. Also,the preventive measures to mitigate these adverse impacts have been suggested to strengthen these projects in eco-friendly manner in the mountain context.     

Mountain Water Tower and Ecological Risk Estimation of the Mesta-Nestos Transboundary River Basin （Bulgaria-Greece）

The Mesta-Nestos river basin in Bulgaria and Greece is a case study for transboundary decision-making support in south-eastern Europe and a show-case for the development of methodologies and information-gathering for the integrated regional planning of water resources. Land-use conflicts in this water-scarce region cover a wide spectrum of activities like agricultural irrigation,drinking water production,diversions for industrial water,and risk of pollution from mining,to name a few examples. Measurements of the water quality were carried out in the upper basin. Results will be illustrated by the example of the environmental situation in the alpine region of the Pirin National Park as well as in the Razlog Basin with a stronger anthropogenic impact and pollution around a former uranium mine near the village of Ele?nica. The social and economic development of this transboundary region is a recently established priority for the future. It will mean an increase in water usage and more stress for the water resources if regional impacts of global climate change are verified. Problem-focused management of the catchment area as a whole on the basis of proved geo-data sets is needed for the future.     

城镇化与水生态环境耦合协调时空演变及驱动因素——以长江中下游城市群为例

城镇化进程中,如何合理保护水生态环境,促进长江中下游城市群可持续协调发展,是长江流域当前面临的一个非常现实和重要的问题。为此,本文基于规模—效益—结构体系与PSR模型构建综合评价指标体系,运用耦合协调度模型、空间自相关和GWR模型,测度分析长江中下游城市群2005-2020年城镇化与水生态环境耦合协调的时空演变特征及区域差异影响因素。研究表明：城镇化和水生态环境水平呈上下波动变化态势,二者空间格局相似且整体水平偏低,上海、苏州等地区水平最高;耦合协调度总体变化较小,空间相关性显著,较少城市发生类型跃迁,且存在极化现象,高、低水平分布集聚于研究区东北、西南部;由影响因素区域差异分析可知,各要素回归系数的空间特征差异显著,集聚效应明显,其中以人均绿地面积与工业总产值空间差异较大,分布趋势不一。研究显示,不同城市耦合协调水平差异较大,存在两极分化现象,且关键影响要素各不相同,故应从城市的自身状况出发,采取针对性的政策措施,促进城镇化与水生态环境协调发展。     

近20年来长江经济带生态环境变化

长江经济带发展战略实施以来,长江上、中、下游地区经济快速发展,与此同时,生态系统不可避免受到扰动,长江经济带生态环境状况面临压力,亟需开展长江经济带生态环境质量评价.本文选取2001年和2020年MODIS和Landsat遥感影像计算湿度、绿度、干度、热度4个评价指标,通过主成分分析方法计算遥感生态指数RSEI,对长江...     

海岛生态环境的脆弱性分析与调控对策

海岛是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,处于海陆相互作用的动力敏感地带,敏感性强,稳定性差,在当前人类活动和频繁的自然灾害等各种动力耦舍的作用下,其生态环境的脆弱性表现出复杂性和多样性的特征。对目前我国海岛生态环境存在的问题进行了分析,指出其脆弱性包括固有脆弱性和特殊脆弱性,并提出可行的海岛生态环境保护与恢复重建的对策,以实现资源环境与社会经济的可持续发展。     

四川林业血防工程建设经验

<正>四川省血吸虫病流行于11个市(州),62个县(市、区),流行区人口3171万。四川属山丘型血吸虫病流行区,环境复杂,防治难度大,血防综合治理工作任务重。按照全国血防工作的总体部署,我省到2008年要达到血吸虫病传播控制标准,2015年达到传播阻断标准。     

海水养殖生态环境压力评价及压力点侦测——以北部湾为例

文章以广西北部湾海水养殖区为例,采用模糊数学灰色统计方法与熵权法设置权重,采用TOPSIS建立广西北部湾海水养殖生态环境压力评价体系,并采用Arc GIS软件对广西北部湾海水养殖生态环境进行定量评价。研究结果显示：(1)海水养殖生态环境压力受养殖模式与时间的影响。(2)陆基池塘养殖模式对生态环境压力影响最大;浅海筏式养殖模式和浅海网箱养殖模式生态压力居中,浅海养殖模式对生态环境压力影响较小;(3)滩涂底播养殖模式对生态环境压力全年平均分布,无关键时期。珍珠港湾地区是压力最大分布区,也是生态环境压力的关键点;茅尾海和湾外鹿耳环江至乌雷为次压力分布区,也是养殖对生态环境压力的次关键点;西村到彬塘为三级压力分布区和关键点。     

光伏电站对生态环境气候的影响综述

太阳能对于缓解化石燃料短缺、燃烧造成的环境问题以及全球气候变暖有着十分重要的作用.全球光伏产业发展迅速,然而大规模布设光伏组件对生态环境及气候也造成了不同程度的影响.基于对全球、国家区域、城市地区和局部地区大规模发展光伏电站对生态环境及气候造成的影响进行总结归纳,分析讨论建设光伏电站对于不同尺度区域环境的反馈作用.结果...