三江平原沼泽湿地的蓄水与调洪功能

以三江平原挠力河1956~2000年宝清站与菜咀子站实测的洪峰流量为例,分析沼泽湿地的蓄水与调洪功能。在该河45 a的实测洪峰流量中,有26 a是下游菜咀子站的洪峰流量小于上游宝清站,表明有大量洪水在其间的河漫滩沼泽(面积28.82×104hm2)之中漫散与蓄存。沼泽的巨大蓄水能力,与其土壤容重小、孔隙度大、持水能力强有关。三江平原沼泽土壤草根层与泥炭层的容重为0.10~0.28 Mg/m3,总孔隙度大于70%,饱和持水量可达4 000~9 700 g/kg,估算全区沼泽土壤的蓄水总量可达46.97×108m3。由于沼泽均分布在地势低洼的负地貌部位,地表平均积水30 cm,则全区沼泽地表积水的储水量还可达17.15×108m3。根据沼泽湿地的蓄水、调洪功能与生物多样性价值,提出严禁开垦与破坏现有的河漫滩沼泽,实施湿地保护的生态工程。     

新矿物（1997．1～1998．12）

本文以表格的形式列举了经国际矿物学协会(IMA)新矿物与矿物命名委员会(CNMMN)批准、并于1997和1998年间在各国有关刊物上正式发表的90个新矿物。这90个新矿物仅包括硅酸盐、磷酸盐、碳酸盐、单质互化物、复杂氧化物、硫化物类(包括硫盐)、硫酸盐、砷酸盐、碲酸盐、卤化物(氟化物、氯化物)、硒酸盐、硼酸盐及钒酸盐。其表格列举方式依次为：矿物的中外文名称及化学式、晶系、晶胞参数、主要粉晶数据、物理性质、光学性质、产状及共生(伴生)组合等。     

郑州和永城地区地基土的物理力学性质比较分析

利用数理统计方法，对河南省郑州地区和永城地区地基土的物理力学性质进行了比较分析，找出它们的联系与差异，其各类土的各种特性指标基本正确反映了两个地区沉积差异情况下的工程特性，对郑州地区和永城地区岩土工程勘察、设计、施工有一定的参考价值。     

Effects of spatial information of soil physical properties on hydrological modeling based on a distributed hydrological model

The spatial distribution of soil physical properties is essential for modeling and understanding hydrological processes. In this study, the different spatial information (the conventional soil types map-based spatial information (STMB) versus refined spatial information map (RSIM)) of soil physical properties, including field capacity, soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity are used respectively as input data for Water Flow Model for Lake Catchment (WATLAC) to determine their effectiveness in simulating hydrological processes and to expound the effects on model performance in terms of estimating groundwater recharge, soil evaporation, runoff generation as well as partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow. The results show that: 1) the simulated stream flow hydrographs based on the STMB and RSIM soil data reproduce the observed hydrographs well. There is no significant increase in model accuracy as more precise soil physical properties information being used, but WATLAC model using the RSIM soil data could predict more runoff volume and reduce the relative runoff depth errors; 2) the groundwater recharges have a consistent trend for both cases, while the STMB soil data tend to produce higher groundwater recharges than the RSIM soil data. In addition, the spatial distribution of annual groundwater recharge is significantly affected by the spatial distribution of soil physical properties; 3) the soil evaporation simulated using the STMB and RSIM soil data are similar to each other, and the spatial distribution patterns are also insensitive to the spatial information of soil physical properties; and 4) although the different spatial information of soil physical properties does not cause apparent difference in overall stream flow, the partitioning of surface and subsurface water flow is distinct. The implications of this study are that the refined spatial information of soil physical properties does not necessarily contribute to a more accurate prediction of stream flow, and the selection of appropriate soil physical property data needs to consider the scale of watersheds and the level of accuracy required.     

不同施工机械碾压下矿区复垦土壤物理性质的变化

以国家自然科学基金为依托建立模拟实验区,探究不同施工机械和碾压次数下的土壤物理指标(压实度、容重、孔隙度、含水量、电导率和温度)的变化。研究结果表明:随土层深度的增加,压实度、容重和电导率逐渐递增,孔隙度、含水量和温度逐渐递减;随碾压次数的增加,压实度和容重逐渐递增,孔隙度逐渐递减,土壤含水量、电导率和温度先增加后降低,其中使用自卸汽车时,3次碾压指标值最高,使用履带式推土机时,5次碾压指标值最高,而使用履带式推土机的处理效果要好于使用自卸汽车;通过对各处理与对照间的拟合度分析发现,使用履带式推土机碾压5次的土壤中各指标与对照拟合度最高,表明采用"履带式推土机×碾压5次"的组合,复垦土壤中物理性质与正常土壤最为接近。     

两种典型碳酸盐岩红土风化剖面的物理化学特征

通过对贵州遵义和平坝两种典型碳酸盐岩风化剖面的系统采样,在室内进行了岩土工程上常用的13项物理指标的测试和12项常量化学元素的全分析,在此基础上论述了它们在风化剖面上的分布及变化特征。指出土层孔隙率(孔隙比)由表层土到深处由高到低的变化,导致岩(土)层透水率逐渐降低和含水量的增加,是土层物理性质及相关力学性质变化的主因; 表层土以粘土粒组为主,到靠近基岩附近变为以粉土粒组为主,说明后期红土化作用可使土粒变细; 靠近岩石界面土层的粒径与组成石灰岩和白云岩矿物颗粒大小相当,这可能是地下水溶蚀- 交代矿物颗粒继承发育的结果; 通过分析界面各层(基岩- 溶滤层- 杂色粘土层)化学成分的变化可以看出,由岩石到土层可溶性组分( CaO、MgO)大量的被水溶蚀带走,成土元素( SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3 等)呈突跃式增加,而且两类岩石溶蚀成土的初期阶段(由岩石到溶滤层)可溶元素被溶蚀及成土元素的积累有很大的差别。      

采煤塌陷对土壤质量的影响效应及保护技术

采煤塌陷对土壤质量具有显著的影响效应。该文分析采煤塌陷对矿区土壤构型、土壤物理性质、土壤水分运移以及土壤养分运移的影响效应,阐述了采煤塌陷与土壤质量的关系,建立采煤塌陷对矿区土壤质量的影响效应模式,提出保护采煤塌陷区土壤质量的技术途径和措施。