早稻育秧热量补偿试验

连县地处南岭南麓，届亚热带季风气候。由于县内各地海拔高度差异大，地形地貌比较复杂，因而具有“春暖迟、秋寒早’助山区气候特点。年平均气温19．5℃，年活动积温7130．7℃，日均温稳定通过12℃初日80％保证率是3月29日。一般认为，连县早稻适宜播种期在春分前后。但是，近年来连州、东陂等乡镇早稻采用尼龙育秧，在3月上旬播种也获得成功，而且还有增产效果。为摸清尼龙育秧的热量补偿效果及其经济效益，我局于1992年3月11日～4月6日进行了早稻育秧热量补偿试验，本文是这次试验的报上口。l试验方法采用透明白色、厚度为5个C（0．005m…     

土壤热量通量和蓄热量的计算原理与方法研究

土壤热量通量和蓄热量的计算原理与方法研究郭绍存，杜秀贤，梁秀婷（内蒙古自治区气象科研所）利用土壤热传导方程推导出的式（６），又经图解积分法再次推导而成的式（１０），连同公式（７）分别是计算０─２０厘米深土壤表层某时段内平均热量通量和相应时段内总蓄热量...     

冰晶增长对热量收支的影响

使用二维云分辨模式研究冰晶增长过程(云水到冰晶的冻结增长和通过水汽凝华冰晶到雪的增长)对热量收支的影响。采用4种冰晶增长参数化方案模拟了热带到中纬度地区的4个降水个例。研究发现:(1)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案和SHEN方案引起对流层中上层辐射加热增多,这与它们模拟的冰晶在对流层中上层增多有关。(2)高冰核浓度的ZENG方案导致模拟区域—平均的局地温度变化在对流层上层出现异常减小值,这与它在热带个例中导致垂直热量通量辐合减少和在中纬度个例中导致潜热加热减少有关。(3)尽管高冰核浓度的ZENG方案引起质量加权平均的辐射加热增多,但是它在热带个例中引起地表感热通量减少和在中纬度个例中引起潜热加热减少,最终导致4种参数化方案计算的模拟区域—质量加权平均的局地温度变化基本一致。     

用MODIS热量指数动态监测东北地区水稻延迟型冷害

水稻低温冷害是东北地区主要的农业气象灾害之一。与耗时、费力的传统灾情监测和调查方式相比,遥感技术能以宏观视角高效地监测灾害发生的范围及程度。为顺应立体化农业气象服务的发展趋势,探索利用Terra\Aqua MODIS反射率和地表温度数据进行水稻延迟型冷害动态监测的可能性,本文在遥感估算全天候平均气温分布、遥感识别水稻种植区及其关键生育期的基础上,构建了基于相对累积生长度日距平r AGDDa的水稻延迟型冷害指标,并开展了东北地区2000年—2012年水稻延迟型冷害动态监测的应用研究。结果表明:(1)MODIS估算的累积生长度日(MODIS_AGDD)与其对应台站估算值之间存在高度相关,除了5月上旬及9月下旬外,两者差值的多年平均值随时间变化幅度基本保持在55℃·d左右;(2)r AGDDa与其对应台站估算值的相关性比累积生长度日距平(AGDDa)的更高,采用r AGDDa指标监测东北地区水稻生长季热量条件的年际差异更有效;(3)基于MODIS_r AGDDa指标的监测结果与用气象行业标准指标(ΔT5-9)监测得到的延迟型冷害分布在众多灾害年均有较好的空间一致性,通过对比水稻减产率分布图,认为以MODIS_r AGDDa≤-5%判断水稻延迟型冷害的发生具有一定可行性;(4)分阶段统计的r AGDDa指标能反映出水稻各生育阶段的低温累积效应和高温补偿效应,可用于水稻延迟型冷害动态监测业务服务。     

Principle of Cross Coupling Between Vertical Heat Turbulent Transport and Vertical Velocity and Determination of Cross Coupling Coefficient

It has been proved that there exists a cross coupling between vertical heat turbulent transport and vertical velocity by using linear thermodynamics. This result asserts that the vertical component of heat turbulent transport flux is composed of both the transport of the vertical potential temperature gradient and the coupling transport of the vertical velocity. In this paper, the coupling effect of vertical velocity on vertical heat turbulent transportation is validated by using observed data from the atmospheric boundary layer to determine cross coupling coefficients, and a series of significant properties of turbulent transportation are opened out. These properties indicate that the cross coupling coefficient is a logarithm function of the dimensionless vertical velocity and dimensionless height, and is not only related to the friction velocity u*, but also to the coupling roughness height zW0 and the coupling temperature TW0 of the vertical velocity. In addition, the function relations suggest that only when the vertical velocity magnitude conforms to the limitation |W/u*|≠1, and is above the level zW0, then the vertical velocity leads to the cross coupling effect on the vertical heat turbulent transport flux. The cross coupling theory and experimental results provide a challenge to the traditional turbulent K closure theory and the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory.     

Interannual variability of mixed layer depth and heat storage of upper layer in the tropical Pacific Ocean

By using the upper layer data(downloaded from the web of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ),the interannual variability of the heat storage of upper layer(from surface to 400 m depth) and the mixed layer depth in the tropical Pacific Ocean are investigated. The abnormal signal of the warm event comes from the central and west Pacific Ocean, whereas it is regarded that the abnormal signal of the warm event comes from the east Pacific Ocean in the popular viewpoint. From the viewpoint on the evolution of the interannual variability of the mixed layer depth and the heat storage of the whole upper layer, the difference between the two types of E1Nino is so small that it can be neglected. During these two E1Nino/La Nina events( 1972/1973 and 1997/1998), other than the case of the heat storage or for the mixed layer depth, the abnormal signal propagates from the central and west Pacific Ocean to the east usually by the path along the equator whereas the abnormal signal propagates from the east to the west by the path northern to the equator. For the interannual variability, the evolution of the mixed layer depth corresponds to that of the heat storage in the upper layer very well. This is quite different from the evolution of seasonality.     

Contribution of Oceanic Circulation to the Poleward Heat Flux

Oceanic contribution to the poleward heat flux in the climate system includes two components： the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux. Although the latent heat flux has been classified as atmospheric heat flux exclusively, it is argued that oceanic control over this component of poleward heat flux should play a critically important role. The so-called swamp ocean model practice is analyzed in detail, and the critical role of oceanic circulation in the establishment of the meridional moisture transport is emphasized.     

西藏日喀则市查孜地热田水化学及同位素特征研究

查孜地热田位于青藏高原西南部。通过野外地质调查及地热钻孔揭露,发现该地热田具有较好的地热资源开发潜力。对该地热田地下热水的水文地球化学及同位素特征开展研究,发现地下热水为HCO₃-Na型; 热水与冷水的离子浓度存在差异,显示二者具有不同的物质来源,但又具有一定的水力联系。热水中的δD和δ¹⁸O同位素特征表明: 该地热田地下热水的主要补给来源为大气降水和冰雪融水,补给海拔为5 652 m以上; 大气降水和冰雪融水下渗并与沿断裂破碎带向上运移的地热流体混合后形成地下热水。断裂破碎带不仅是温泉的主要通道,也是地热流体的储集场所,地热田热水在地下运移滞留至少41 a。据SiO₂地热温标估算得出,该区地下热储温度为148.18 ~153.49 ℃,天然放热量为2 264.33×10¹² J/a。     

南海北部陆坡区内孤立波的垂向热量输送

An integrated analysis of internal solitary wave(ISW) observations obtained from two moorings over the continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) leads to an assessment of the vertical heat transport of the ISWs. The clusters of ISW packets are phase-locked to the fortnightly cycle of the semidiurnal tide. The ISWs appear during large semidiurnal tides, and there is a period of 5–6 d when no ISWs are observed. The effect of the ISWs on the continental slope heat budget is observed. The ISWs can modify a local temperature field in which the temperature in the upper layer can be changed by O(100) °C after the ISWs passed the mooring. Both ISWinduced diffusion and ISW-induced advection contribute to the temperature variation. The estimates imply an average vertical heat flux of 0.01 to 0.1 MW/m~2 in the ISWs in the upper 500 m of the water column. The vertical heat transport ranges from 0.56 to 2.83 GJ/m~2 with a mean value of 1.63 GJ/m~2. The observations suggest that the vertical heat transport is proportional to the maximum vertical displacement.     

巢湖对冬季陆面辐射和热量过程的影响

从物理气候学的观点出发,分析了湖泊对水体和陆地辐射平衡和热量平衡各分量的影响。以巢湖地区冬季观测资料为例,揭示了在晴稳天气湖陆风环流对陆面显热输送的影响,以及在冷平流天气,湖泊对上下风方陆面显热输送的影响。