Effects of salinity fluctuation amplitudes on growth, osmolarity, Na＋-K＋-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis Osbeck

The effects of various salinity fluctuation amplitudes (2, 4, 6 and 8) on the growth, osmolarity, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity and Hsp70 of juvenile Fenneropenaeus chinensis cultured in seawater with a salinity of 20 were studied. The results show that weight gain in the salinity fluctuation treatments was better than that in control; in particular, the weight gain of treatments S4 and S0, at 231.8% and 196.3%, respectively, was significantly different (P<0.05). The hemolymph osmolarity of treatments S0, S2, S4, S6 and S8 was 635.4, 630.8, 623.6, 614.4 and 600.3 mOsm/kg, respectively, and decreased with increasing salinity fluctuation amplitude. The level of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in gills of F. chinensis was higher than that in hepatopancreas, but there were no significant differences among all treatments, either in gills or hepatopancreas (P>0.05). The relative level of Hsp70 in treatment S4 was 48.4% and 40.4% higher than control in muscle and eyestalks, respectively, with the highest values being recorded under a salinity fluctuation amplitude of 4.     

Global sea level change and thermal contribution

The global long-term sea level trend is obtained from the analysis of tide gauge data and TOPEX/Poseidon data. The linear trend of global mean sea level is highly non-umiform spatially, with an average rate of 2.2 mm year-1 in T/P sea-level rise from October 1992 to September 2002. Sea level change duc to temperature vanation (the thermosteric sea level) is discussed. The results are compared with TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data in the same temporal span at different spatial scales. It is indicated that the ther-mal effect accounts for 86% and 73% of the observed seasonal variability in the northern and southern hemispheres, respectively. The TOPEX/Poseidon observed sea level lags behind the TSI, by 2 months in the zonal band of 40°-60° in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Systematic differences of about 1-2cm between TOPEX/Poseidon observations and thermosteric sea level data are obtained. The potential causes for these differences include water exchange among the atmosphere, land, and oceans, and some pos-sible deviations in thermosteric contribution estimates and geophysical corrections to the TOPEX/Poseidon data.     

西北太平洋上层热含量的时空变化

基于全球月平均海温资料、137°E断面海温观测资料、同化水位资料和太平洋850 hPa纬向风资料,利用EOF、功率谱和最大熵谱等分析方法,分析了西北太平洋上层热含量的时空变化,并讨论了热含量变化与水位和赤道太平洋纬向风异常的关系.结果表明,西北太平洋上层热含量具有明显的年际和年代际变化;热含量的年际变化与热带太平洋大尺度海气系统异常相联系,即在El Ni(n)o期间,热含量减少,而在La Ni(n)a期间热含量增多;热含量在20世纪70年代末发生了一次气候跃变,在跃变前热含量偏多,而在跃变后则偏少;热含量与水位间存在着非常一致的同位相年际变化,而这种变化与赤道西、中太平洋的纬向风异常有关.     

热红外多角度遥感技术研究进展

在回顾国内外多角度遥感技术发展概况的基础上, 重点总结了中国开展地表热红外辐射方向性观测实验研究的发展历程, 介绍了地面多角度遥感实验观测系统、机载热红外多角度成像系统、机载红外广角双模式成像仪以及扫描式多角度多光谱成像仪的研制过程、主要技术指标以及开展航空遥感获取多角度热红外遥感数据的情况, 对于热红外多角度遥感技术的发展具有重要的参考意义。     

冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数的计算

推导了冷却物冷藏间内湿空气热物理参数计算方程,并编制了湿空气热物理参数计算程序。该程序能快速、精确地计算冷却物冷藏间内不同气流速度、不同气压的湿气热物理参数     

极盖区等离子体云块近十年研究进展

极盖区等离子体云块是一种经常出现在极区电离层F层的高密度块状结构,其电子密度一般是背景电子密度的两倍及以上,水平尺度约为100～1 000 km.极盖区等离子体云块的产生及演化过程可以示踪磁层-电离层/热层耦合过程中的能量及动量传输过程.同时,这种电子密度不均匀体（尤其是其边沿区域）对跨极盖区的无线电波传播具有很强的干扰,经常影响无线电通讯导航定位等应用.因而,极盖区等离子体云块研究不仅是空间物理领域的热点问题,而且也是空间天气监测及准确预报等应用的重要基础.本文简述了近十年来极盖区等离子体云块的研究进展,主要内容包括：概括了极盖区等离子体云块几种可能的形成机制;提出了极盖区冷/热等离子体云块的分类研究;统计了极盖区等离子体云块的时空分布特征及其对外部条件的依赖性;追踪了极盖区等离子体云块的完整演化过程;最后,讨论了极盖区等离子体云块引起的离子上行现象及电离层闪烁效应.     

一次入海气旋在黄渤海造成的海雾过程分析

利用0.25°×0.25°逐小时ERA5再分析数据、中国气象局地面观测资料和卫星遥感监测资料对2020年5月2-4日移入黄海的温带气旋引发大范围的海雾过程进行了分析,结果表明：（1）本次海雾主要发生在入海气旋的西侧和北侧,同时具有平流冷却雾和锋面雾的性质。（2）黄渤海雾发生期间气海温差在0.5～2.5℃,2 m高度露点温度略高于海温。（3）在气旋西侧和北侧都出现了雨转雾的现象,并且从青岛L波段雷达监测温度廓线显示在500 m和1500 m高度上出现“双逆温”。（4）气旋造成的湿空气辐合是本次海雾过程的重要水汽来源,降水的加湿和蒸发冷却效应同样使得近海面大气饱和度快速增长。（5）黄渤海大部海域感热通量和潜热通量均为负值,湍流热通量主要表现为大气向海洋输送,气旋造成的垂直风切变增强了大气机械湍流,使得大气和海洋进行充分的热量交换从而促进海雾在垂直方向发展。     

A note on the role of meridional wind stress anomalies and heat flux in ENSO simulations

Four comparative experiments and some supplementary experiments were conducted to examine the role of meridional wind stress anomalies and heat flux variability in ENSO simulations by using a high-resolution Ocean General Circulation Model （OGCM）. The results indicate that changes in the direction and magnitude of meridional wind stress anomalies have little influence on ENSO simulations until meridional wind stress anomalies are unrealistically enlarged by a factor of 5.0. However, evidence of an impact on ENSO simulations due to heat flux variability was found. The simulated Nino-3 index without the effect of heat flux anomalies tended to be around 1.0° lower than the observed, as well as the control run, during the peak months of ENSO events.     

热带气旋榴莲(2001)生成的垂直耦合特征和机制

热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)生成过程中的垂直耦合过程及其机制,是一项隐含在TC生成关键因子——弱的水平风垂直切变条件下的,重要但尚未被解答的基础科学难题.文章通过实例数值模拟和理论分析对这一问题开展了针对性研究,主要结论如下:即使是发生在正压环境下的TC生成过程,仍然存在TC胚胎区的对流层中低层槽...