最近500年来福建玉华洞石笋氧同位素记录及气候意义

基于福建将乐玉华洞一支石笋(YH1)4个230Th年龄和370个氧同位素数据,并利用具有年层时标的湖北清江和尚洞石笋氧同位素记录的校正,重建了AD 1530以来1~3 a分辨率的石笋氧同位素序列。与当地现代器测气象资料对比发现,最近60 a来玉华洞石笋δ18O与当地夏半年降水量相关性最为显著(R=-0.35,n=55),而受温度的影响较弱,玉华洞石笋氧同位素较好的指示了当地夏半年降水量变化的信息。最近100 a来,福建玉华洞石笋的氧同位素组成具有逐渐变重的趋势,与其他地区高分辨率石笋δ18O具有相同的变化趋势,而且也与季风指数指示的季风减弱趋势相一致,进一步证实季风区石笋δ18O反映了东亚季风大尺度环流特征;在小冰期中后期(AD 1530~1850),玉华洞石笋δ18O在平均值-5.9‰高频振荡,存在一系列的数十年际尺度的季风增强和减弱事件,与亚洲—太平洋涛动(Asian Pacific Oscillation,APO)指数密切相关,说明玉华洞石笋δ18O所指示的降水信息受APO变化的影响。     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

Modulation of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Genesis by Intraseasonal Oscillation of the ITCZ: A Statistical Analysis

The present study investigates modulation of western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclone(TC) genesis in relation to different phases of the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of ITCZ convection during May to October in the period 1979-2008.The phases of the ITCZ ISO were determined based on 30-80-day filtered OLR anomalies averaged over the region(5-20 N,120-150 E).The number of TCs during the active phases was nearly three times more than during the inactive phases.The active(inactive) phases of ISO were characterized by low-level cyclonic(anticyclonic) circulation anomalies,higher(lower) midlevel relative humidity anomalies,and larger(smaller) vertical gradient anomalies of relative vorticity associated with enhanced(weakened) ITCZ convection anomalies.During the active phases,TCs tended to form in the center of the ITCZ region.Barotropic conversion from the low-level mean flow is suggested to be the major energy source for TC formation.The energy conversion mainly depended on the zonal and meridional gradients of the zonal flow during the active phases.However,barotropic conversion weakened greatly during the inactive phases.The relationship between the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity and low-level zonal flow indicates that the sign of the absolute vorticity gradient tends to be reversed during the two phases,whereas the same sign between zonal flow and the absolute vorticity gradient is more easily satisfied in the active phases.Thus,the barotropic instability of low-level zonal flow might be an important mechanism for TC formation over the WNP during the active phases of ISO.     

“0811”暴雨过程中MCC与一般暴雨云团的对比分析

利用T639 1°×1°分析场、FY-2红外云图、红外辐射亮温(TBB)、闪电定位和气柱水汽总量等资料,对2010年8月11日发生在山西南部暴雨过程(即"0811"暴雨过程)中的中尺度对流复合体(MCC)和其北部的一般暴雨云团进行了对比分析,结果表明,(1)山西北部暴雨带主要由6个β中尺度对流云团生成、发展及合并造成;山西南部区域性暴雨则由MCC的生成、发展、东移所引发。(2)山西北部的暴雨云团在850hPa暖切变线南部生成和发展,并在地面切变线附近合并;山西南部的MCC由3个β中尺度对流云团发生、发展及合并形成,该对流云团在700hPa次天气尺度切变线上触发生成;MCC发展、成熟阶段,α中尺度云团沿925hPa暖切变线东移;减弱阶段,随西太平洋副热带高压的南退而南压。(3)在西太平洋副热带高压西进北抬的背景下,同一次暴雨过程中,MCC发生在5 880gpm边缘弱的斜压环境中,高层则出现在高压北侧的反气旋环流中;一般暴雨云团发生在5 840gpm边缘较强的斜压环境中,高层则出现在急流入口区的右侧。(4)MCC作为大型的中尺度对流系统,不但对低层高温高湿能量的需求比一般暴雨云团更多,而且在垂直方向上,要求湿层、高能舌及暖温结构更深厚。(5)山西南部MCC影响区和5 880gpm线边缘为负地闪覆盖区,正地闪主要出现在其北部一般暴雨云团影响区和5 840gpm线附近。与MCC相比,一般暴雨云团影响下,局地闪电开始及闪电峰值的出现较降水的开始及降水峰值的出现有更多的提前量。(6)山西北部暴雨云团出现在气柱水汽总量梯度的大值区及水汽锋上;山西南部MCC则出现在水汽锋南侧气柱水汽总量的大值区。气柱水汽总量对"0811"暴雨过程有36h的提前量,对暴雨的落区有很好的指示意义。     

区域集合预报系统2 m温度预报的校准技术

采用非齐次高斯回归 (NGR) 技术对国家气象中心区域集合预报系统的2 m温度预报结果开展了一阶偏差和二阶离散度的校准研究。对预报结果比较详尽的检验分析表明:校准后的2 m温度预报可靠性和预报技巧均显著提高,表现为校准后集合预报成员的均方根误差与离散度更为接近;原Talagrand直方图中的“L”形分布现象得到有效改善;Brier评分、最小连续分级概率评分 (CRPS) 明显减小,相对作用特征 (ROC) 面积增大,说明校准后的2 m温度预报表现出更好的预报技能。此外,NGR技术与自适应误差订正技术的对比试验表明,NGR在消除集合平均偏差和提高集合离散度两个方面均有优势。     

东太平洋冷舌区海表面温度日变化特征的模拟研究

本文通过分辨太阳辐射日变化, 利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室 (LASG/IAP) 气候系统海洋环流模式 (LICOM), 模拟了东太平洋冷舌区海表面温度 (SST) 的日变化特征并研究了弱混合对其影响。采用理想的太阳辐射日变化强迫上层垂向分辨率为10 m的海洋模式LICOM, 模拟出了SST日变化一些特征, 同时海洋的上层流场也产生明显日变化。模拟的SST日变化振幅水平分布与观测接近, 且受太阳辐射日变化振幅水平分布调制。在赤道中东太平洋区, 模拟的SST日变化振幅 (约为0.3～0.4℃) 比观测偏小约0.1～0.2℃。模拟的SST日变化峰值出现在15～16 时 (当地标准时间), 落后于太阳辐射峰值2～3个小时, 接近观测。进一步减弱混合后, 模拟的日变化振幅增加约0.1℃, 更接近观测。这说明在东太平洋冷舌区SST日变化主要受太阳辐射日变化和垂直混合影响。此外, 混合减小后, 在太阳辐射日变化调制下, 平均态 (如混合层、温度和流场) 也出现明显变化。在赤道东太平洋冷舌区北侧, 弱混合导致混合层变浅, 变浅使热量堆积进而使平均SST升高约0.3℃; 在赤道东太平洋冷舌南侧, 经向平流加强导致平均SST降低约0.2℃。     

北大西洋涛动位相转换的数值研究

借助一个非线性准地转正压模型,模拟了基本西风气流的强弱、不同空间分布的天气尺度扰动涡对北大西洋涛动(NAO)位相转换的作用,以及大尺度双波地形对其的影响.通过一系列的对比试验发现,适当弱的基本西风气流有利于下游系统西退使NAO由正(负)位相转换为负(正)位相;振幅强、活动范围大的天气尺度扰动波是NAO由负位相转换为正位...     

基于MODIS数据的增强型土壤表层水分含量指数模型构造与应用

土壤水分含量对光谱变化的影响和植被冠层的光谱反射率是干旱最重要和最直接的指标.根据水的吸收率光谱变化特征和绿色植物有效光谱响应特征曲线,在前期提出的地表含水量指数(SWCI)的基础上,增加MO-DIS通道1的红光光谱,以增强植被对光谱吸收的变化反应,可应用于大范围且快速的浅层土壤墒情遥感监测.通过与土壤表层水分含量指数(SWCI)对比分析发现,在对浅层(0～30 cm)土壤水分进行监测时,ESWCI比SWCI更为敏感,这将有助于在实时干旱动态监测中更好地提高监测精度.     

估计对流层延迟的单频RTK卡尔曼滤波算法

提出一种对流层估计方法实现单频RTK快速动态定位。用模型改正对流层干延迟,双差对流层湿延迟用测站对流层天顶延迟估计,并与流动站位置及站间单差模糊度组成双差方程进行卡尔曼滤波,得到单差模糊度浮点解及方差阵,通过星间求差得到双差模糊度浮点解及方差阵,结合MLAMBDA方法实时确定模糊度。试验验证单历元平面定位精度优于±3 cm,高程定位精度优于±10 cm。     

基于灰色系统理论的概率积分法参数确定研究

针对灰色系统理论对地表移动变形的原始数据进行挖掘的特点,根据潞安矿区司马矿地表移动观测站的实测资料,通过建立灰色预测GM(1,1)模型,利用Matlab对观测数据进行插值,获取等间隔数据。运用灰色系统理论对概率积分法参数进行求取,进行相关的精度分析,得到运用该方法求取的概率积分法参数的方法是可靠的结论,体现了动态预测的特点。同时,将灰色系统预测方法与曲线拟合方法求取参数的结果进行对比分析,指出二者预测结果存在误差的影响因素,提出可以通过定期等间隔的观测和加大对衰退期的观测次数等措施,提高概率积分法参数的精度。