中国大陆流域分区TRMM降水质量评价

根据中国境内2 257个气象站点1998-2013年逐日降水资料,结合流域分区,采用探测准确性、相关系数以及相对误差等指标,对热带降水测量（TRMM）降水精度和一致性进行系统评价。结果表明:① TRMM日降水准确性从东南沿海向西北内陆递减;② 气象站点年均降水日数显著大于TRMM年均降水日数;③ 西北片区以外气象站点降水量和TRMM降水量在月尺度和年尺度上均具有较好的相关关系;④ 各流域年均TRMM面降水量均高于气象站点面降水量,且TRMM面降水量相对误差雨季较小,枯季较大;⑤ 各流域TRMM面降水量与气象站点面降水量演变趋势基本一致,南方各流域年降水量均呈减少趋势,北方各流域年降水量均呈增加趋势,全国尺度上年降水量呈微弱的减少趋势。     

基于指标体系的中国水环境评价研究

从水压力、水管理、水污染、灾害风险及社会经济效应5个要素出发,构建水环境综合评价体系,并用均值法求得水环境综合评价指数,对我国31个省(市、自治区)的水环境状况进行评价。以人口数量为权重将分省(市、自治区)要素指标转化为流域尺度,对我国十大流域片进行水环境评价及5个单要素分析,指出地域间水环境差异及水环境问题。     

GIS支持下的澜沧江流域云南段土壤侵蚀空间分析

利用ArcView3.2和ARC/INF08.1软件,通过图层叠加、统计分析和缓冲区分析等,提取西南纵向岭谷区澜沧江流域云南段的不同类型和强度的土壤侵蚀与地形坡度、土地利用/土地覆盖现状、土壤类型和分布、大雨日数以及河流、道路两侧的缓冲区等的相应数据,计算出土壤侵蚀综合度。结果表明,研究区不同坡度等级中,15°²5°坡度上的土壤侵蚀最强,其次为8°¹5°坡地和4°⁸°坡地;>25°坡地上则较小;不同用地类型的土壤侵蚀程度不同,总体上,旱耕坡地的土壤侵蚀较草地严重,而草地又较林地严重;在各种土壤类型中,黄壤和石灰土的土壤侵蚀最为突出,其次为红壤、黄棕壤和南方水稻土等;河流两侧和道路两侧的土壤侵蚀都较整个流域要严重,而河流两侧又略重于道路两侧;当多年平均大雨日数小于20日时,土壤侵蚀程度基本上随大雨日数的增加而增加;当大雨日数大于20日时,土壤侵蚀程度反而较小,原因在于前期大雨冲刷侵蚀,带走了地表的疏松物质。研究结果可为有针对性地防治水土流失、减少河流泥沙和水库淤积提供依据。     

白洋淀上游河流水文变化评价研究

现有河道整体水文改变度三级评价及客观赋权法存在水文改变度与河流生态健康联系不足、容易忽略部分指标变化、不能全面体现综合评价对河流生态管理的作用等问题,本文以白洋淀上游唐河流域为例,利用Mann-Kendall突变检验法对中唐梅站1959-2016年日径流的水文变异情况进行了分析,基于改进RVA法,在充分考虑5组33个I...     

黑河流域生态水文过程的观测-模型-数据分析集成研究专辑前言（英文）

Research on ecological-hydrological processes in arid/semiarid environments mainly focuses on the following aspects: 1) evolution of the current environments,2) impacts of hu? man activities and climate change,and 3) sustainable development.In the last decades,with the support of China's top science and research agencies/institutes (e.g.,Ministry of Science and Technology,MOST;National Science Foundation China,NSFC;Chinese Academy of Science,CAS),multiple integrated research projects that aim to address the above issues have been initiated from both engineering and scientific perspectives.For example,supported by the NSFC's "China's Western Region Environment and Ecology Science Research Project",in China's northwest arid region,Loess Plateau region and the southwest karst region,four key research themes have been proposed: 1) evolution and development of China's western environment,2) water cycle and sustainable use of water resources,3) ecosystem sustainability,and 4) the impact of major constructions/projects on the environment.In addition,“Heihe River Basin Integrated Water Resources Management Research Project" has been the key research project supported by the CAS,which aims to improve water use efficiency,sustain the oasis ecosystem,develop the integrated irrigation water technology,improve water resources management,protect wetland and help with the river basin water management and decision making.     

基于SWAT模型的天目湖流域径流模拟分析

SWAT模型作为一种分布式水文模型已被国内外学者广泛应用于流域尺度的水文模拟分析。本文以天目湖流域为研究区,用DEM、土地利用等空间数据及CMADS中的气象数据等属性数据,在SWAT-CUP中通过率定、验证等方法,对该流域2009-2018年的径流进行了模拟。本次率定的决定系数R²为0.68,Nash-Suttcliffe效率系数NS为0.66,验证的R²为0.70,NS为0.65。率定和验证的两个评价参数都大于0.5,说明本次模拟结果较好,对天目湖流域内总磷、总氮等污染物的模拟数据进行分析是可行的,这可为当地的水资源规划和水资源可持续发展提供参考。     

滦河潘家口水库控制流域水量与污染物负荷模型构建及率定

由于水质时空监测资料缺乏,采用水文水质模型模拟的方式揭示污染物负荷的主要贡献是流域管理的重要手段。本文以滦河潘家口水库控制流域为研究背景,根据水文气象、下垫面及水质监测等数据,构建了流域SWAT水文水质模拟模型,采用实测径流和水质监测资料对模型进行参数率定和验证,结果表明：径流模拟的R²和NSE均大于0.50,尤其是潘家口水库入库径流模拟的精度在0.79以上。各水质监测断面TP模拟的R²在0.57以上,TN模拟的R²在0.61以上,说明构建的SWAT水文水质模型能够反映流域水文过程及污染物迁移转化过程,研究结果可为潘家口水库污染物来源分析及水资源管理提供科学依据。     

新疆白杨河流域达坂城地下水文参数及出流测评

新疆白杨河流域达坂城位于天山博格达峰山前冲击、洪积山间盆地干旱区,源于天山多支源流汇集于盆地南端峡口,形成下游并由有多支流沿程补给白杨河干流,穿越极端干旱戈壁荒漠托克逊县直至末端吐鲁番市境内尾闾—艾丁湖,是我国典型少有干旱极端干旱叠加型流域灌区。为探寻流域上游达坂城地下水文地质特征,基于潜水非完整井观测抽水试验,采用裘布衣模型和正交试验评估地下水含水层主要水文地质参数及单井出流能力。结果表明,高崖子和阿克苏河段潜水层地下水文地质平均含水层厚度H、渗透系数K和导水系数T分别为10～11 m、18～21 m/d和200～203 m/d,含水层厚度变幅与井水深动态相呼应,单井流量丰富且与渗透系数K和导水系数T相互影响较大,地下含水层渗透速率处于较高水平状态,与河流河床多戈壁砂砾地质吻合,为流域上游达坂城源流区地下水文地质及出流评估提供依据。     

Livelihood strategy change and land use change —Case of Danzam Village in upper Dadu River watershed, Tibetan Plateau of China

Land use change in rural China since the 1980s, induced by institution reforms, urbanization, industrialization and population increase, has received more attention. However, case studies on how institution reforms affect farmers’ livelihood strategies and drive land use change are scarce. By means of cropland plots investigations and interviews with farmers, this study examines livelihood strategy change and land use change in Danzam Village of Jinchuan County in the upper Dadu River watershed, eastern Tibetan Plateau, China. The results show that, during the collective system period, as surplus labor forces could not be transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, they had to choose agricultural involution as their livelihood strategy, then the farmers had to produce more grains by land reclamation, increasing multiple cropping index, improving input of labor, fertilizer, pesticide and adopting advanced agricultural techniques. During the household responsibility system period, as labors being transferred to the secondary and tertiary industries, farmers chose livelihood diversification strategy. Therefore, labor input to grain planting was greatly reduced, which drove the transformation of grain to horticulture, vegetable or wasteland and decrease of multiple cropping index. This study provides a new insight into understanding linkages among institution reforms, livelihood strategy of smallholders and land use change in rural China. Foundation item: Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40601006, 40471009), National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2005CB422006)