基于InVEST模型的青海湖流域产水功能时空变化及驱动因素分析

以青海湖流域为研究区,基于1985—2020年8期土地利用图,结合地形、土壤和气象等数据,运用本地化修正后的InVEST模型及地理探测器方法,模拟流域产水服务、评估产水量空间分异特征、剖析其空间异质性归因。结果显示：青海湖流域1985—2020年产水量变化区间为11.68～81.52亿m³,变化趋势明显,表现为先下降后上升、再下降后上升的“W”型变化趋势;产水深度在空间分布上表现为东南高西北低,高值区均集中在海晏县内;垂直梯度上,产水能力随海拔增加而减弱;地理探测结果显示单因子对产水服务空间分异的解释能力存在显著差异,在不同分区中以气候类因子解释力最为显著;产水服务空间分异的影响程度由多因子共同决定,整体上以降水与实际蒸散量的交互作用解释力为主导因子。     

汾河流域水土资源耦合协调格局及驱动因素

开展区域水土资源耦合协调研究,旨在促进区域社会经济发展与水土资源的可持续利用。选取汾河流域为研究区,基于2006、2013、2018年多源遥感监测数据、社会经济统计数据及再分析产品数据,构建了水土资源耦合协调评价指标体系,并采用耦合协调度模型、空间自相关模型及地理探测器对研究区2006—2018年水土资源耦合协调度进行测度,并识别其主导影响因子。结果表明：（1）2006、2013、2018年流域水土资源耦合协调度以低度协调与中度协调为主,整体为[0.10,0.50]。空间上,高值区主要位于流域中上游区域,低值区集中于中下游区域,且具有明显的时间异质性。多年演变趋势为向上开口的抛物线。（2）研究期流域水土资源耦合协调Moran’s I值分别为0.274、0.266、0.195,总体经历高—高—低的下降过程,全局相关性水平下降,空间集聚效应降低,区域差异减小。局部自相关主要显示为高-高（H-H）和低-低（L-L）两类。（3）影响汾河流域水土资源耦合协调度空间分异的主导因子依次为年降水量、生活用水量占比、产水模数、人均建设用地面积等,其中,年降水量与产水模数影响因子间的交互作用最强。未来应该...     

城镇化流域地下水氮素组成特征及来源解析

为揭示城镇化地区地下水氮素组成特征及来源,以深圳市坪山区麻雀坑水流域为研究区域,分别于2020年9月（丰水期）和2020年12月（枯水期）采集民井、采样井和基坑地下水样品并分析样品中氮素的组成特征,联合硝酸盐氮氧同位素和氨氮氮同位素示踪技术,识别氮素的主要来源及转化过程,结合稳定同位素源解析模型,计算不同硝酸盐来源的贡献比。结果表明：1）麻雀坑水流域地下水氮素的主要赋存形态为NO-3-N,其次是NH4+-N。NO-2-N质量浓度相对较低,平均在“三氮”中所占的比例仅为1.2%,氮素质量浓度的季节变化不显著;2）同位素示踪信号显示地下水氮素的主要来源为污水与粪便,氮的转化过程以硝化作用为主;3）稳定同位素源解析模型结果显示,丰、枯水期地下水硝酸盐不同来源的平均贡献率排序相同,为污水与粪便>土壤氮>大气氮沉降>肥料,但贡献率大小不同。丰、枯水期源于污水与粪便的地下水硝酸盐贡献率分别为45%和74%,民井与采样井、基坑地下水中硝酸盐来自污水与粪便的比例分别为68%和82%;4）已关闭养猪场的历史遗留氮素是区域地下水潜在的氮污染来源,并影响地下水氮素的转化过程,位于地下水排泄...     

Case history of the disastrous debris flows of Tianmo Watershed in Bomi County,Tibet, China: Some mitigation suggestions

Debris flows and landslides, extensively developing and frequently occurring along Parlung Zangbo, seriously damage the Highway from Sichuan to Tiebt(G318) at Bomi County. The disastrous debris flows of the Tianmo Watershed on Sept. 4, 2007, July 25, 2010 and Sept. 4, 2010, blocked Parlung Zangbo River and produced dammed lakes, whose outburst flow made 50 m high terrace collapse at the opposite bank due to intense scouring on the foot of the terrace. As a result, the traffic was interrupted for 16 days in 2010 because that 900 m highway base was destructed and 430 m ruined. These debris flows were initiated by the glacial melting which was induced by continuous higher temperature and the following intensive rainfall, and expanded by moraines along channels and then blocked Parlung Zangbo. At the outlet of watershed,the density, velocity and peak discharge of debris flow was 2.06 t/m3, 12.7 m/s and 3334 m3/s, respectively. When the discharge at the outlet and the deposition volume into river exceeds 2125 m3/s and 126×103 m3, respectively, debris flow will completely blocked Parlung Zangbo. Moreover,if the shear stress of river flow on the foot of terrace and the inclination angel of terrace overruns 0. 377 N/m2 and 26°, respectively, the unconsolidated terrace will be eroded by outburst flow and collapse. It was strongly recommended for mitigation that identify and evade disastrous debris flows, reduce the junction angel of channels between river and watershed, build protecting wall for highway base and keep appropriate distance between highway and the edge of unconsolidated terrace.     

气候变化与人类活动联合影响下东江流域非一致性洪水频率

一致性假设一直是洪水频率分析的基本假设条件,但在气候变化与人类活动综合影响下,水文极值序列的一致性假设受到极大挑战。基于此,以东江流域为例,运用GAMLSS模型(广义可加模型),将时间、气候指标(北极涛动AO、北太平洋涛动NPO、太平洋年代际振荡PDO和南方涛动SOI)以及水库指标(Reservoir Index)统一纳入洪水频率分析中,并对东江流域1954―2009年年最大流量序列(AMS)进行频率分析,结果表明:1)龙川、河源和岭下站年最大流量序列均值与时间呈线性关系,方差为常量,而博罗站均值和方差与时间均呈非线性关系;2)水库对各水文站点AMS均值有显著线性影响;3)NPO对各站点AMS均值有显著线性影响,NPO值较高时,东江流域可能面临着较低的洪水风险,在一致性假设前提下,可能高估洪水设计值,反之亦然;而PDO对各站点方差有显著线性(岭下、博罗)/非线性(龙川、河源)影响;4)以时间为协变量构建非一致性模型,研究得出:龙川、河源和岭下3站T年一遇洪水设计值均呈单调下降趋势,博罗站1954―1995年左右洪水设计值呈下降趋势,而在1996―2009年呈上升趋势;以气候与水库为协变量构建非一致性模型,研究表明:龙川、河源和岭下3站T年一遇洪水设计值均因水库影响呈向下跃变;5)以气候和水库为协变量的非一致性模型对洪水频率具有良好的预测能力,为非一致条件下设计洪水的预测提供了新的预测方法。     

基于雷达监测河川径流的测量及算法

祁连山大野口流域由于水流急、河面宽,修筑量水堰有一定的难度,准确监测河川径流成了流域水量平衡和涵养水源功能机理研究的障碍。通过大野口流域雷达测流处水面比降、河川横断面面积、水力半径、流速仪实测流量、糙率和谢才系数等一系列测量和计算,可得出雷达监测水位与相应的河川径流量的函数关系式,并绘制出水位流量图。结果表明:雷达测流处水面平均比降为0.028;河川最大洪水断面宽13.4 m,高1.32 m;河川横断面糙率的平均值为0.059;雷达监测水位与相应的河川径流量的函数关系式为Q=0.0018H2-0.0206H(R2=0.9994),该关系式可有效解决修筑量水堰较难而利用雷达监测河川径流的难题。通过研究,可为中等流域尺度上进一步揭示水源涵养功能机理及其流域产流机制提供参考和科学依据,是实现未来水资源可持续开发利用的基础工作,其对认知特定区域水文过程的演变规律,保障内陆河流域水资源合理开发,维持河西地区农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Research advances in eco-hydrological process and function

Present studies on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between basin ecosystem and hydrological process has become an international research frontier in hydrology. This paper investigates this coupling relationship, and also summarizes research and presents a method of combining isotopic technology with hydro-chemical methods, for the study of eco-hydrological process and function in different landscape zones. We then examine research trends for future direction and development of this field.     

基于MODIS NDVI的西辽河流域主要粮食作物时空分布格局（英文）

研究以西辽河流域为案例区,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,选取2000、2005和2010年时间点,利用NDVI时间序列信息,结合西辽河流域不同作物物候历,运用决策树提取模型,获取西辽河流域春玉米、春小麦和大豆等主要作物的空间分布信息,定量揭示了10年间西辽河流域主要粮食作物的时空分布特征。研究表明:(1)2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积为11 965.08 km2,其中春玉米播种面积约占流域主要粮食作物的92.28%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区;春小麦播种面积占比3.14%,以西辽河流域中游面积最大;大豆播种面积占比4.58%,以西辽河上游流域面积最大。(2)2000-2005年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积大幅增加,涨幅达29.77%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。其中,春玉米播种面积增长38.99%,春小麦播种面积减少39.04%,大豆播种面积增长21.27%。(3)2005-2010年西辽河流域主要粮食作物播种面积增长缓慢,涨幅为5.18%,集中在西辽河流域下游地区。春玉米播种面积呈现增加趋势,春小麦呈现减少趋势,大豆呈减少趋势。     

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.     

天津以工业名城文化名城旅游名城饮誉海内外

天津市地处华北平原的东北部,海河流域下游,东临渤海,北依燕山,西靠首都北京,有“九河下梢”、“河海要冲”之称。天津简称津,意为天子经过的渡口,别名津沽、津门等,有150多公里的海岸线。