Wladmir Kppen(1946-1940)

当代大气候学家寇本氏已于1940年六月二十二日逝世于 Graz,享寿九十有四。氏于1846年九月二十五日生于俄之彼得格勒,度其幼年生涯于黑海滨之 Crimea,父为著名之历史家,素为俄皇所赏识,黑海滨之产业即为俄皇所赠者。氏生时常称道此处气候温和风景优美以及温带植物之丰富;氏称气候与植物界关系所得之印像,于彼一生之科学生涯极为重要。自1875至1919年之44年皆服务于德汉堡海洋观象     

Soil acidification stimulates the emission of ethylene from temperate forest soils

Soil acidification via acid precipitation is recognized to have detrimental impacts on forest ecosystems, which is in part associated with the function of ethylene released from the soil. However, the impacts of acidification on the cycling of ethylene in forest soils have not been fully taken into consideration in global change studies. Forest topsoils (0--5 cm) under four temperate forest stands were sampled to study the effects of a pH change on the emissions of ethylene and carbon dioxide from the soils and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released into the soils. Increasing acidification or alkalinization of forest soils could increase concentrations of DOC released into the soils under anoxic and oxic conditions. The ethylene emission from these forest topsoils could significantly increase with a decreasing pH, when the soils were acidified experimentally to a pH<4.0, and it increased with an increasing concentration of DOC released into the soils, which was different from the carbon dioxide emission from the soils. Hence, the short-term stimulating responses of ethylene emission to a decreasing pH in such forest soils resulted from the increase in the DOC concentration due to acidification rather than carbon mineralization. The results would promote one to study the effects of soil acidification on the cycling of ethylene under different forest stands, particularly under degraded forest stands with heavy acid depositions.     

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper -level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

长白山：温带山地生态博物馆

雄浑壮美的长白山,因其主峰多白色浮石和皑皑．积雪而得名。长白山是关东第一山,也是中华十大名山之一,因其植被垂直景观和火山地貌景观而成为国家自然遗产地。我曾有两年时间寓居长白山区,多次从北坡、西坡攀登长白山主峰。长白山厚重的人文历史、丰富的生态资源和美丽的自然景观给我留下了难以磨灭的印象。     

消失的湖南大熊猫

大熊猫憨态可掬，人见人爱，现在它唯存于我国青藏高原东部边缘的温带森林中。据2006年国家林业局调查，全国野生大熊猫1596只，圈养161只。     

青藏高原东部藏族地区野生经济植物资源

本区是指滇西北、川西和甘南藏族地区。全区土地面积约３０．４万ｋｍ￣２．区内野生经济植物资源的特征是：种类比较丰富，种子植物属的区系成分以温带的属占优势，特有种、特有属植物突出，区域分异比较明显等。全区野生经济植物有１８７科７４２属２８１３种（或变种）．按经济用途，把本区的野生经济植物分为８类。     

初析闽粤赣温泉与地震关系

燕山运动以来,区内断块分异明显,岩浆、地震活动强烈,地震最大强度8级,温泉发育(现有478处,约占全国1/4)。分析图1发现:①浅部热场总走向呈北东向,并呈强弱相间的特点。江西为中等热释放区,一般为50—100×1018尔     

北京东灵山三种温带森林生态系统的碳循环

通过对北京山地白桦林、辽东栎林和油松林的植被、地表凋落物和土壤碳储量, 生物量净增量和凋落物量, 以及植被和土壤呼吸的实际观测, 构建了北京山地三种温带森林生态系统的碳循环模式. 结果表明, 北京山地温带森林总碳密度在250~300 t C·hm^-2之间, 其中植被碳密度为35~54 t C·hm^-2, 土壤碳密度(深度为1 m, 包括地表凋落物)为209~244 t C·hm^-2. 三种森林的植被生物量都处于增加之中, 净增量为1.33~3.55 t C·hm^-2·a^-1. 凋落物量为1.63~2.34 t C·hm^-2·a^-1, 群落植被呼吸量为2.19~6.93 t C·hm^-2·a^-1, 土壤异养呼吸量为1.81~3.49 t C·hm^-2·a^-1. 生态系统的总初级生产力介于5.39~12.82 t C·hm^-2·a^-1之间, 其中约一半(46%~59%)转变为净初级生产力(3.20~5.89 t C·hm^-2·a^-1). 碳平衡分析表明, 在研究时段(1992~ 1994)内, 人工油松林是一个较大的碳汇(4.08 t C·hm^-2·a^-1), 而次生的白桦林和辽东栎林与大气之间的CO₂交换基本处于平衡状态.     

恒温带取值与简易测温温度校正的统计分析法

本文提出了恒温带观测资料处理与简易测温孔的孔底平衡态温度推算的一种统计分析方法.     

中国温带昼夜增温的季节性变化及其对植被动态的影响

结合1982-2015年归一化植被指数（NDVI）、植被类型和气象数据,分别利用一元线性回归和二阶偏相关分析方法,揭示了中国温带地区的生长季不同季节昼夜增温的时空格局以及昼夜增温的不对称性对各类型植被活动的影响。结果表明：① 近34年来中国温带大部分地区季节性昼夜气温都存在显著的上升趋势;生长季昼夜增温速率呈现出不对称性,春季、夏季白天气温上升速度略快于夜间,秋季夜间增温快于白天;② 不同季节的昼夜增温对植被活动的影响呈现出明显的分异特征,相对于夜间增温,白天增温对植被活动影响程度更大,影响区域更为广泛;相比夏季和秋季,春季昼夜增温对植被活动的影响范围更广;③ 不同类型植被对昼夜增温速率的不对称性产生了不同的响应,并且在不同季节上的响应程度存在差异。