Provenance discrimination and Source-to-Sink studies from a dryland fluvial regime： An example from Kachchh,western India

Tracing the sediment delivery from its source terrain to its ultimate sink envisage multiple factors that play a vital role in understanding present day erosional engine.To accomplish this,it is significant to distinguish the variable end-members contributing to the basin.The findings from the study of dryland coastal fluvial regime in Kachchh(Western India),which is one of the end members contributing to the Gulf of Kachchh coast(partial sink) and finally to the Arabian Sea(ultimate sink) have been presented here.Multi-proxy sediment provenance proxies such as grain-size,clay minerals,geochemistry and magnetic minerals have been employed to evaluate the provenance discriminating characteristics of the Kachchh dryland fluvial system and factors influencing them.The results of different proxies indicate that the provenance signatures of uplands are quite characteristic with magnetic susceptibility(χ) values of 20×10~(-7)m~3kg~(-1) and smectite(S)/kaolinite(K) ratio between 0.26 and 0.49.The middle reaches show marked increase in magnetic mineral concentration with χ values(140×10~(-7)m~3kg~(-1))and S/K ratio(4.92),while the estuarine tract shows χ values(80×10~(-7)m~3kg~(-1)),S/K ratio(1.90) and,characteristic heavy minerals(i.e.mica minerals),probably reflect the interplay between land and sea oscillations.Major sources of sediments within catchment scale were identified,viz.,upland sedimentary rocks(Juran and Bhuj Formation sandstone-shale) and middle reaches volcanic(Deccan Trap Formation basalt) rocks.The present study draw cautions in provenance of sediment discrimination in areas influenced by Deccan basalt that has the overwhelming sediment delivery and a comparatively subdued effects of other provenance signatures.The studied proxies of mineralogy of clays,magnetic minerals and geochemistry of heavy and major elements serve as the potential for fingerprint of sediment source regions and hence behold a strong position in source to sink studies globally.     

3D Modeling of sediment movement by ships-generated wakes in confined shipping channel

Ship-generated waves and return currents are capable of re-suspending significant quantities of bottom and bank sediments.However,most of the previous studies done on the subject do not show how and where sediment is re-suspended by the wakes and the directions of net transport.In this paper,a 3D numerical model based on hydro-sedimentary coupling is presented to search the relationship between the sediment movement,and the pattern of ship-generated waves around and far away from the vessel and the return currents around the ships.The hydrodynamic model is based on 3D Navier-Stokes equations including the standard k-ε model for turbulence processes,and the sediment transport model is based on a 3D equation for the re-suspended sediment transport.The computation results show that the areas of sediment concentration and transport(whether by resuspension or by the bedload) depend mainly on the position,the speed of the ship in the waterways,the kinematics of ship-generated waves and on the return flows.Thus,a map of sediment distribution and the modes of sediment transport generated by the passage of the ship are presented.     

Phosphorus forms and distribution in Zhejiang coastal sediment in the East China Sea

Surface and core sediment samples were collected from Zhejiang coastal waters of the East China Sea to study phosphorus（P） forms and understand the potential release of P as well as adsorption.The sediments were extracted sequentially to determine four phosphorus fractions,and non-sequentially for total phosphorus（TP）.The total concentration of phosphorus in the surface sediments ranged from 527.2 to 680.5 mg kg-1.Inorganic P was the major form and accounted for 84-94%of TP.Among the four forms,P-Detrital was dominant（58.6-73.2%）,followed by P-CDB（10.5-20.9%）,P-Organic（6.1-15.9%）,and P-CFA（5.9-16.3%）.The distribution pattern of TP in the surface sediments was similar to that of P-Detrital and P-Organic,but different from P-CDB and P-CFA.A relatively high level of phosphorus was observed in estuarine sediments,reflecting the influence from terrestrial input.Phosphorus in all forms in core sediments at each station decreased with depth.In addition,potentially bio-available phosphorus accounted for 20-34%of TP.     

Sediment settling in the Latian Dam in Iran

Among the difficulties that influence future dam operations,reservoir sedimentation is the most problematic for engineers.This study predicted the amount and pattern of sedimentation for use in estimation of the useful lifespan of reservoirs and identification of optimal locations for outlets and intakes at the initial stages of dam design.Hydrographic surveys of different dams can provide better insight into this phenomenon.Latian Dam in Iran has conducted hydrographic surveys during 7 time periods.The amount and process of sedimentation in this reservoir were determined,and predictions of distribution of sediments were validated by well-known,common methods.The formation of a delta in the reservoir was investigated for different time periods after operation.Future problems due to the impacts of sedimentation on dam operation and the useful lifespan of the reservoir were predicted.In addition,the study results may be used for developing empirical methods to predict sedimentation patterns in other reservoirs.     

深水峡谷体系控制因素分析——以南海北部琼东南盆地中央峡谷体系为例

利用2D/3D地震数据及钻井资料,详细解剖了晚中新世以来构造-沉积背景对琼东南盆地大型轴向峡谷体系形成和演化的控制.晚中新世以来的大规模海平面下降导致了陆坡区的沉积物易发生失稳,从而为中央峡谷体系沉积充填提供了物源.峡谷内部的2套沉积物:浊流沉积体和块体搬运复合体,分别来自西北部物源和北部物源,不同部位沉积物供给能力的差异,导致峡谷内部表现出不同的充填结构和样式.11.6 Ma时期构造变革事件为峡谷的形成提供了构造背景,盆地东部形成的轴向"限制型"小型盆地可视为中央峡谷体系的雏形.5.7 Ma时期红河断裂带右旋走滑的活动,将增强莺-琼盆地交界处沉积物的水动力条件,并向浊流发生演变,形成深水浊积水道.南部隆起的存在对峡谷内部充填沉积物起到了"遮挡"的作用.更新世以来的气候因素所引起的强烈沉积物供给和盆地东部特殊的地貌特征,引起了中央峡谷体系的"回春",大量垮塌沉积体的发育将进一步加剧峡谷的"负地形"特征.研究表明,琼东南盆地中央峡谷体系自西向东不同区段的主控因素存在差异:西北部物源的供给和红河断裂带在5.7 Ma时期的构造活动控制了头部区域浊积水道的形成和发育;西北部物源、北部陆坡的沉积物供给、构造地貌特征等,控制了峡谷自西向东的运动,并影响了峡谷内部的充填结构;盆地东部11.6 Ma时期的构造变革和长昌凹陷有限的沉积物供给能力是盆地东段中央峡谷体系的主控因素.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气藏的有效运移系统

煤层气藏有效运移系统的优劣取决于煤储层的裂隙发育程度与开合程度,决定着煤储层的渗透性,其外在显现形式主要表现为煤储层的孔裂隙系统特征．本文基于煤基块弹性自调节效应理论和煤储层综合弹性能量理论,提出了煤储层裂隙开合程度参数4和裂隙发育程度参数专定量化研究了沁水盆地南部煤层气藏有效运移系统,探讨了其对煤层气富集高产的控制作用．结果表明：研究区现今阶段,眚高值区位于安泽、沁源一带,郑庄、樊庄次之,说明这两个区域内,煤储层裂隙发育程度较高;A高值区位于郑庄、樊庄一带,安泽、沁源次之,说明区域内煤基块弹性自调节正效应占优势,裂隙趋于张开．综合分析盼4可以发现,二者的最佳匹配区域位于郑庄、樊庄一带,说明此区域内煤层裂隙相对较发育,裂隙张开程度较高,可能具有较高的流体压力和较好的渗透性,有利于煤层气藏高产．     

多年冻土区活动层冻融状况及土壤水分运移特征

利用位于典型多年冻土区的唐古拉综合观测场2007年9月1日—2008年9月1日实测活动层剖面土壤温度和水分数据,对多年冻土区活动层的冻结融化规律进行研究;同时,对冻融过程中的活动层土壤液态水含量的变化特征进行分析,探讨了活动层内部土壤水分分布特征及其运移特点对活动层冻结融化过程的影响. 结果表明：活动层融化过程从表层开始向下层土壤发展,冻结过程则会出现双向冻结现象. 一个完整的年冻融循环中活动层冻结过程耗时要远远小于融化过程. 活动层土壤经过一个冻融循环,土壤水分整体呈现下移的趋势,土壤水分逐步运移至多年冻土上限附近积累. 同时,土壤水分含量和运移特征会对活动层冻融过程产生显著的影响.     

松辽盆地三肇凹陷多边形断层系的油气成藏意义

松辽盆地三肇凹陷白垩系中发育了大量规模不等的断层,一般认为大断层是油气运移的重要通道,对小断层研究较少。小断层在平面上相互交织形成多边形的形态,还具有平面延伸长度小、断距小、倾角大的特征,综合分析认为这些小断层为多边形断层系。三肇凹陷多边形断层系发育广泛,平面上遍布整个凹陷,垂向上在扶杨油层和葡萄花油层中均有发育。研究表明多边形断层系有着重要的油气成藏意义：多边形断层系是扶杨油层的主要运移通道,控制着油层的分布,广泛发育的多边形断层系是扶杨油层平面连片的主要原因;大断层和多边形断层系均是葡萄花油层的运移通道,其中多边形断层系在葡萄花油层的油气运移过程中起分流作用,对葡萄花油层的分布有一定的影响作用。