Process Analysis of In-situ Strain during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake-Data from the Stress Monitoring Station at Shandan

There were huge life and property losses during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Strain fluctuation curves were completely recorded at stress observatory stations in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its surroundings in the process of the earthquake. This paper introduces the geological background of the Wenchuan earthquake and the profile of in-situ stress monitoring stations. In particular, data of 174 earthquakes (Ms4.0-Ms8.5) were processed and analyzed with various methods, which were recorded at the Shandan station from August 2007 to December 2008. The results were compared with other seismic data, and further analyses were done for the recoded strain seismic waves, co-seismic strain stepovers, pre-earthquake strain valleys, Earth's free oscillations before and after the earthquake and their physical implications. During the Wenchuan earthquake, the strainmeter recorded a huge extensional strain of 70 seconds, which shows that the Wenchuan earthquake is a rupture process predominated by thrusting. Significant precursory strain anomalies were detected 48 hours, 30 hours, 8 hours and 37 minutes before the earthquake. The anomalies are very high and their forms are very similar to that of the main shock. Similar anomalies can also be found in strain curves of other shocks greater than Ms7.0, indicating that such anomalies are prevalent before a great earthquake. In this paper, it is shown that medium aftershocks (Ms5.5-6.0) can also cause Earth's free oscillations. Study of free oscillations is of great significance to understand the internal structure of the Earth and focal mechanisms of earthquakes and to recognize slow shocks, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of geological disasters and the prediction of future earthquakes.     

Assessment of Geological Security and Integrated Assessment Geo-environmental Suitability in Worst-hit Areas in Wenchuan Quake

The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and geo-hazards triggered by the earthquake caused large injuries and deaths as well as destructive damage for infrastructures like construction,traffic and electricity.It is urgent to select relatively secure areas for townships and cities constructed in high mountainous regions with high magnitude earthquakes.This paper presents the basic thoughts, evaluation indices and evaluation methods of geological security evaluation,water and land resources security demonstration ...     

Preliminary Results of In-situ Stress Measurements along the Longmenshan Fault Zone after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake

Four months after the Wenchuan Ms 8 earthquake in western Sichuan, China, in situ stress measurements were carried out along the Longmenshan fault zone with the purpose of obtaining stress parameters for earthquake hazard assessment. In-situ stresses were measured in three new boreholes by using overcoring with the piezomagnetic stress gauges for shallow depths and hydraulic fracturing for lower depths. The maximum horizontal stress in shallow depths (～20 m) is about 4.3 MPa, oriented NI9°E, in the epicenter area at Yingxiu Town, about 9.7 MPa, oriented N51°W, at Baoxing County in the southwestern Longmenshan range, and about 2.6 MPa, oriented N39°E, near Kangding in the southernmost zone of the Longmenshan range. Hydraulic fracturing at borehole depths from 100 to 400 m shows a tendency towards increasing stress with depth. A comparison with the results measured before the Wenchuan earthquake along the Longmenshan zone and in the Tibetan Plateau demonstrates that the stress level remains relatively high in the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan range, and is still moderate in the epicenter zone. These results provide a key appraisal for future assessment of earthquake hazards of the Longmenshan fault zone and the aftershock occurrences of the Wenchuan earthquake.     

北川地区擂鼓断裂在汶川地震中的地表破裂及其意义

2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0级特大地震发生后,在北川县擂鼓地区出露了一条擂鼓同震地表破裂带,该破裂带呈近南北向展布,位于映秀－北川断裂的中北段,其北东起于擂鼓镇柳林村北部,南西止于石岩村南部,以脆性破裂为特征,分别由3条呈北北东、北西西、北北东走向的地表破裂组成,延伸长度约4～5km,并切割了多种地貌单元,其平均垂直断距为1.5m,平均水平断距为1.4m,垂直与水平断距之比为1.07∶1。通过对该地表破裂带野外测量数据、几何展布结构及其成因机制的初步分析表明： 擂鼓断裂是出露于擂鼓地区的捩断层,具有捩断层的基本特性;其主要特征包括：1)擂鼓断裂的形成是由于在汶川地震中其东西两侧逆冲块体之间的差异性运动而引起; 2)断裂呈近南北向展布,与映秀－北川主干断裂近垂直相交;3)断面倾角较陡,为高角度断面的逆断层,具有逆冲兼走滑特征。     

汶川Ms8.0地震平原区地表破裂的初步调查

2008年5月12日四川省汶川发生MS 8.0级地震,造成龙门山断裂带映秀－北川断裂长达240km和灌县－江油断裂72km的地表破裂。同时在龙门山山前的成都平原内出现了地表弯曲变形、地裂缝、河流跌水以及具有条带状分布的喷砂冒水点和建筑物破坏加剧的现象。为此,对这一地区进行了进一步的调查工作。调查采取以寻访形式为主,结合使用高精度3D扫描仪进行地形测量和探槽开挖。通过调查,发现平原区的隐伏断裂在汶川MS8.0地震中发生了错动,断层破裂面在地表未见有出露,而是在近地表形成弯曲变形。什邡市师古镇和隐丰镇之间存在两条地震灾害异常带,北北东向灾害异常带长约7km; 北北西向灾害异常带长约5km。通过探槽开挖和地形测量得到的汶川MS8.0级地震在平原区形成的垂直位移为20cm。     

汶川地震震害特点及成因探讨

在对汶川、都江堰、彭州和北川等地地震灾害调查的基础上,结合大量文献资料,分析了震害特点并探讨了震害成因。认为汶川地震是在特殊的地质构造和地球动力学背景下产生的,地震震害有许多独特之处。地震产生的许多变形带是浅表层局部变形,与浅表层地质条件有关,不是地震断层,破坏性不严重。地貌在地震中有伸缩现象,其中山体部分伸展、河谷地带收缩、地貌伸缩与地震中应力释放和应变恢复过程产生的多层次滑脱有关。桥梁在地震中遭到了严重破坏,许多桥梁完全垮塌,显示架空结构建筑物对地震的抗击能力差,有的桥梁有中央断裂或垮塌一半的特点,可能是因为河流两岸地震波不连续或不同方向震动强度不同。地震中建筑物的破坏具有不均匀性,主要表现有滑坡和崩塌加重了建筑物的破坏、地基不均匀导致建筑群不均匀破坏、饱和砂土地震液化引起地基失效导致建筑群强烈破坏、斜坡带临空一侧建筑物破坏程度高、建筑物的破坏具有与地震波相关的方向性。汶川地震震害警示,在强烈地震区加强地质研究、地质灾害危险性评估、工程勘察和结合地震破坏特点的工程抗震设防的极端重要性。     

汶川Ms8.0地震的地表破裂过程－－以都江堰八角庙村断层擦痕剖面为例

汶川MS8.0地震在龙门山断裂带造成了严重的地表破裂,但能反映地震地表破裂过程的现象却很少,四川省都江堰市虹口乡八角庙村有一处保存基本完好的断层擦痕剖面,是惟一能反映地震地表破裂过程的露头。剖面上可见两种侧伏产状相差很大的擦痕,我们利用全站仪和GPS对擦痕进行总体和细部的测量,结果表明,一种擦痕接近垂直,侧伏角在 76°～87°之间,另一种擦痕侧伏角相对较小,介于 32°～33°之间。利用擦痕侧伏角、断层面倾角、岩石内摩擦角进行求解断层主应力方位的赤平投影,结果表明发震断层的运动方式为逆冲兼右行走滑。通过分析对比,我们认为断层面上近水平方向的擦痕切割了近垂直方向的擦痕,据此将地震的地表破裂过程分为两个阶段。阶段Ⅰ断层运动以逆冲向上为主,阶段Ⅱ以右旋走滑为主,这个结论与地震波数据反演结果是一致的。其中,阶段Ⅰ由两个子事件组成; 第一个子事件断层以接近垂直的角度逆冲向上运动,运动方向为SW85°～87°; 第二个子事件断层的运动方向发生朝向NE方向的倾斜,运动方向为SW76°～80°,表明断层运动性质为逆冲兼少量的右旋走滑。阶段Ⅱ断层的运动方向为SW32°～33°,表明这一阶段断层运动以右行走滑为主,走滑分量大于逆冲分量。     

汶川8.0级地质发震断层逆冲活动的地震地貌与古地震初步研究

与河流阶地相关的地震地貌包括地震阶地和阶地断错两方面。地震阶地是古地震事件的直接反映; 阶地断错则是多次古地震事件的累积效应。文章在汶川8.0级地震破裂带调查的基础上,讨论了平行断裂的河流和横穿断裂的河流两种情况下的阶地发育特征。在此基础上,应用差分GPS测量技术,分别对虹口附近的地震阶地和映秀附近阶地断错现象进行了测量。研究结果表明,虹口附近地震阶地反映了自白沙河Ⅱ级阶地形成以来发生了5次规模基本相当的断错事件; 映秀附近的阶地累积位错量反映了不同级阶地经历了不同数量的地震事件,其中,Ⅱ级阶地形成以来大致经历了5次与汶川8.0级地震位错相当的地震事件。两个地点的地震阶地和阶地位错研究得到了一致的古地震次数。本文进一步讨论了前人对该区阶地的测年数据,从而推测得到汶川8.0级地震发震断层的古地震复发间隔约为4ka。     

汶川地震区理县医院后山滑坡应急调查与监测

理县医院后山滑坡为＂5.12汶川地震＂诱发的次生地质灾害。地震导致医院后山斜坡开裂,形成三级主裂缝,降低了斜坡稳定性,形成次生滑坡灾害,后期降雨及余震则使滑坡继续变形发展。为及时掌握滑坡的变形趋势,做好防灾准备,同时为后续治理工程提供依据,开展了以裂缝位移监测为主的应急阶段自动化监测工作。监测系统由裂缝位移计、无线数传终端、太阳能供电组件以及室内计算机、监测管理软件组成。根据理县医院后山滑坡具备三级主裂缝的特点,在每级裂缝上沿走向设置监测点,共设置9个,各监测点每小时自动巡检一次。     

红石河堰塞湖漫顶溃坝风险评估

四川省青川县红石河堰塞湖是2008年5月12日汶川大地震形成的34座大型堰塞湖之一,是由东河口滑坡堵塞红石河形成的。该堰塞体高度约50 m、宽度约250 m、顺河向长度约500 m、形成的最大库容约400万m3。本文作者对红石河堰塞体做了较详尽的现场试验,包括土的冲蚀试验、土的基本物性试验等。基于现场试验数据,对土的冲蚀性和漫顶溃坝风险做了详细的分析。结果显示,从土的抗冲蚀性角度考虑,只要有水溢出就会有土体被冲蚀,这说明红石河堰塞体的漫顶溃决可能性较高。本文还提出经验公式来预测红石河堰塞体漫顶的溃决时间,大约为4.5d,如果考虑到大石块对抗冲蚀稳定性的有利影响,这一数值会增大。此外,还研究了溃决深度随时间的变化规律。