非饱和黄土水蒸气扩散规律模型试验研究

黄土强度受含水状态的影响作用较为显著,其随含水状态的周期性变化而变化,进而引起一系列病害。为研究非饱和黄土中水蒸气和温度的扩散运移规律,通过室内填筑模型试验,在重塑黄土中通入高温高压水蒸气,分析了非饱和重塑黄土中水蒸气和温度扩散运移规律。试验结果表明:在非饱和重塑黄土中,水蒸气扩散范围近似为椭球形;水蒸气扩散速率沿径向逐渐减小,增加蒸气压,蒸气扩散速率、扩散范围和增湿程度都将增大;蒸气压在加速水分扩散的同时,加速了温度的运移,气压为50 kPa土体升温速率约为0.75 ℃ ·min-1,气压为200 kPa时升温速率1.12 ℃ ·min-1;土体密度越大,水蒸气扩散时受到土颗粒的阻碍越大,随着水蒸气径向扩散距离增大,这种阻碍作用越显著,含水率减小的量值越大。     

钨的气态迁移与岩浆-热液成矿作用:实验研究及其成矿学意义

低密度的水热蒸气和超临界似气流体广泛存在于中地壳至地球表面的各种地质环境中, 是成矿金属搬运和富集的重要介质。火山喷气凝结水、火山结壳和升华物、矿床的流体包裹体气相中均存在具有地质意义的W含量或含钨矿物, 表明W同样可在含水气相中溶解和迁移。本文在350 ℃~400 ℃和压力为60~200 bar的实验条件下, 测定了WO₃-H₂O体系中W在水蒸气和似气流体中的溶解度, 考察了水蒸气压力对W溶解度的影响。结果显示, W在水蒸气中的逸度(或含量)远高于依据无水体系中固体WO₃挥发性数据计算的蒸气压力, 证明气态溶质W与溶剂水蒸气之间存在促进W溶解的水合作用。经热力学方法分析, 认为可能形成了WO₃·nH₂O(g)形式的水合气体物种, 其水合数n在350 ℃、370 ℃和400 ℃时分别为1.4、1.6和2.9。因此WO₃·3H₂O(g)或H₂WO₄·2H₂O(g)及H₆WO₆(g)在温压较高的岩浆-热液或气成-热液成矿环境中(如斑岩系统)对W的气态迁移和浓集可能具有重要作用, 而在温压较低的水热蒸气条件下, W的迁移形式可能以水合数较小的WO₃·H₂O(g)(或H₂WO₄)和WO₃·2H₂O(g)(或H₂WO₄·H₂O)物种为主, 其含量或比例随水蒸气的压力而改变。某些斑岩型和脉型钨(钼)矿床常存在富气体包裹体, 伴随酸性岩浆结晶出溶的以低盐度含水蒸气占优势的岩浆流体对斑岩系统中W、Mo在高温阶段的气态迁移和矿质在花岗岩体顶部和上覆岩层的聚集具有重要意义, 之后蒸气冷凝可产生高盐度的含矿卤水或与渗流地下水混合形成低-中等盐度的成矿流体, 流体的减压沸腾(相分离)和对围岩的交代蚀变导致W、Mo等金属在不同阶段和构造-岩性部位沉淀富集。     

小水滴 大作用

<正>在蔚蓝色的地球上,约有13.9亿立方千米的水,其中仅有十万分之一的水是以水蒸气的形式存在的。然而,作为强效温室气体、天气以及气候的主导因素,这极少量的水蒸气却对整个地球有着巨大的影响。     

活化水蒸气控制瓦斯爆炸的实验

在自行设计的内径88mm、总长1600mm的小型瓦斯爆炸控制实验装置上,采用高速摄录分析系统,对活化水蒸气控制瓦斯爆炸进行了实验研究。普通水经过高能物理方法处理后,可转变成比普通水分子团直径小一半的由5~8个水分子组成的小分子团活化水,然后通过水蒸气发生器转化成活化水蒸气,在瓦斯爆炸过程中起到了均相等径抑制作用和纳米活化控制作用。实验结果表明,加入活化水蒸气后的瓦斯爆炸感应期明显延长,火焰在管道中的传播时间延长,火焰平均传播速率减小,控爆效果明显提高。      

Study on the Trace Species in the Stratosphere and Their Impact on Climate

The trace gases （O3, HCl, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2） in the stratosphere play an important role, not only in the photochemical processes in which the ozone layer destroyed, but also in the radiative processes. In this paper, we review the works on the distribution and variation of the trace gases in the stratosphere and their impact on climate, which have been carried out at the University of Science and Technology of China in the recent 20 years. The Halogen Occultation Experiment （HALOE） data were used to analyse the distribution and variation of the mixing ratio of these trace gases and the temperature trends in the stratosphere in the most recent decade. And the reanalyzed National Centers of Environmental Prediction （NCEP）/NCAR data were also used to give the temperature trends and compared with the results from HALOE data. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study the impact of ozone depletion on the global climate. In this review, the distributions of the trace gases, especially those over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, are discussed, and the variations and trends for the trace gases in various levels in the stratosphere have been given for the most recent decade. The temperature variation and the cooling trend obtained from HALOE data in the middle and lower stratosphere for the last 13 years are significant, which agree well with the results from NCEP/NCAR data. While the temperature trend in the upper stratosphere in this period do not seem to have much cooling. The numerical simulations show that either the Antarctic ozone hole or the ozone valley over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau affect not only the temperature and circulation in the stratosphere, but also the temperature, pressure and wind fields in the troposphere, then lead to the global climate change.     

五大连池火山群喷气锥成因机制探讨

五大连池火山群1537个喷气锥中,多数分布在火烧山熔岩流中,在水量充足的五池到四池之间的熔岩台地上,喷气锥数量集中、个体较大、发育良好。通过对五大连池火山群喷气锥的形态结构和集中分布特点进行分析,认为水蒸气在混合气体形成喷气锥中起主导作用,重力也在喷气锥形态塑造上有一定意义。含挥发分的基性岩浆溢流到在靠近水域的地区时表层冷凝固结,内部熔岩仍温度高、粘度低,与地下水作用形成火山气体和水蒸气构成的混合气体,气体冲破表层间歇溢出时,带动熔岩外掀堆叠在喷气孔周围形成喷气锥,中央保留气体多次逸出的通道形成中空结构。当气体压力不足以使熔岩从喷口溢出,喷气锥的生长停止。     

Experiment on Driving Precipitable Water Vapor from Ground-Based GPS Network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consis- tency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumu- lating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

Monitoring and simulation of water, heat,and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

1IntroductionInJune1992,theworldsummitorganizedbytheUnitedNations,withparticipantsincludingnationalleadersfromaroundtheworld,concludedwithAgenda21(UnitedNations,1992),theRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment,inRiodeJaneiro.Thedeclarationpromptedcountr…     

水滑石类催化剂催化制氢及生物炼制(英文)

近年来,水滑石由于其独特的性质受到越来越多的关注.作为非均相固体催化剂,水滑石及其衍生物具有优良的催化性能,因此得到了广泛研究和应用.本文简述了水滑石的几种合成方法,重点介绍了水滑石类催化剂在催化制氢和生物炼制方面的应用,并预测了水滑石类材料在新材料合成及环境友好催化体系中的应用前景.     

干旱地区空气中氚浓度测定方法研究

空气中³H以水蒸气形态存在,环境中气氚的测定先是把空气中³H收集起来,再在收集液中加入闪烁液,用低本底液闪谱仪测量水样中³H浓度,然后换算成空气中³H浓度.