地震预测的科学(三)

3近10年来的研究进展 在这一章里,我们要正式地谈一谈地震预测研究近10年来的进展。 在天气预报工作中,为了预测什么时间、哪个地点、会有多大的降雨,一般会在地面或卫星上对气压、气温、水蒸气压、风向、风速等物理量进行监测,还会根据物理法则采用计算机模拟的方式对大气活动以及热量平衡等的状态进行分析和预测,     

可食性壳聚糖包装膜的制备及其性质研究

以壳聚糖为成膜剂 ,以体积比为 1 %的乙酸水溶液为溶剂配制成壳聚糖成膜液 ,在成膜液中加入硬脂酸 ,用流涎法分别制成壳聚糖简单可食性包装膜和壳聚糖硬脂酸复合可食性包装膜。对膜的性能如抗拉强度、伸长率、水蒸气透过率、气体透过率、折痕等进行了分析。结果表明 ,膜性能的优劣与壳聚糖、硬脂酸等含量及成膜时的条件有关。     

提问蔚蓝

1.问:宇航员从太空俯瞰地球时,看到地球的基本颜色是什么?答:是蔚蓝色的,因为地球上有广袤的海洋。2.问:原始海洋形成于什么时间?答:35亿前,地球大气层中水蒸气和火山爆发产生的水蒸气冷凝后以降水的形式落到地面,形成了原始海洋。     

Water Vapor, Cloud, and Surface Rainfall Budgets Associated with the Landfall of Typhoon Krosa （2007）： A Two-Dimensional Cloud-Resolving Modeling Study

Water vapor, cloud, and surface rainfall budgets associated with the landfall of Typhoon Krosa on 6--8 October 2007 are analyzed based on a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated with imposed zonally-uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature, and vapor advection from NCEP/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The simulation data that are validated with observations are examined to study physical causes associated with surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The time- and domain-mean analysis shows that when Krosa approached the eastern coast of China on 6 October, the water vapor convergence over land caused a local atmospheric moistening and a net condensation that further produced surface rainfall and an increase of cloud hydrometeor concentration. Meanwhile, latent heating was balanced by advective cooling and a local atmospheric warming. One day later, the enhancement of net condensation led to an increase of surface rainfall and a local atmospheric drying, while the water vapor convergence weakened as a result of the landfall-induced deprivation of water vapor flux. At the same time, the latent heating is mainly compensated the advective cooling. Further weakening of vapor convergence on 8 October enhanced the local atmospheric drying while the net condensation and associated surface rainfall was maintained. The latent heating is balanced by advective cooling and a local atmospheric cooling.     

火星上有水存在

美国“凤凰”号火星探测器项目小组31日说,“凤凰”号在加热火星土壤样本时鉴别出有水蒸气产生,从而确认火星上有水存在。     

水蒸气蒸馏-离子色谱法测定岩石中的氟和氯

氟和氯的化学性质活泼,在酸性介质中具有挥发性,试验建立了样品经磷酸溶解用水蒸气将氟和氯带出,用离子色谱法测定Ｆ,Ｃｌ的方法,该法具有操作简单,快速,可靠等优点。     

超强蜘蛛丝

蜘蛛丝本身就比钢丝强韧。最近，一项新研究表明，如果把蜘蛛丝和某些金属（如铝、锌、钛）融合在一起，它将变得更加强韧。在自然界中，金属的确可以增加一些生物结构的强度，但这些结构本身就比较坚硬，如动物的刺。为了检验金属对柔软结构的作用，研究者选择了蜘蛛丝。研究者用高温水蒸气破坏了蜘蛛丝蛋白之间的相互作用，然后把蜘蛛丝放在铝、锌、钛的蒸汽中，部分金属原子就与蛋白连接在一起。研究者表示，天然蜘蛛丝对湿度和温度等环境条件非常敏感，但融合了金属的蜘蛛丝几乎不受环境影响。未来，也许蜘蛛侠应该带着新型蜘蛛丝行侠仗义了。     

五大连池火山群喷气锥成因机制探讨

五大连池火山群1537个喷气锥中,多数分布在火烧山熔岩流中,在水量充足的五池到四池之间的熔岩台地上,喷气锥数量集中、个体较大、发育良好。通过对五大连池火山群喷气锥的形态结构和集中分布特点进行分析,认为水蒸气在混合气体形成喷气锥中起主导作用,重力也在喷气锥形态塑造上有一定意义。含挥发分的基性岩浆溢流到在靠近水域的地区时表层冷凝固结,内部熔岩仍温度高、粘度低,与地下水作用形成火山气体和水蒸气构成的混合气体,气体冲破表层间歇溢出时,带动熔岩外掀堆叠在喷气孔周围形成喷气锥,中央保留气体多次逸出的通道形成中空结构。当气体压力不足以使熔岩从喷口溢出,喷气锥的生长停止。     

掺灰膨胀土表面吸附试验及吸水性验证

利用水蒸气吸附仪对石灰改性膨胀土进行水蒸气吸附试验,得出随着掺灰量的变化,膨胀土的吸水性先减小后增大,且在掺灰量为6%处取得最小值。为了研究引起膨胀土吸水性变化的主要原因,再对改性膨胀土进行氮气吸附试验,从而分析掺灰膨胀土孔隙结构的变化。研究发现,随着掺灰量的增加,BET微孔比表面积呈折线形变化,且在掺灰量为6%时取得最小值;中孔的累积容积随着掺灰量的增大而减小;随着掺灰量的增加,中孔孔径先增大后减小,且在掺灰量为6%处取得最大值。膨胀土的吸水性与中孔孔径的变化成负相关,且膨胀土的最佳掺灰量为6%。     

Research on Water-Vapor Distribution in the Air over Qilian Mountains

Based on the remote sensing data, the radiosonde data and precipitation data observed by weather stations, distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and cloud motion wind over the Qilian Mountains are analyzed. Moreover, on the basis of water-vapor and cloud motion wind analyses, relations of atmospheric water-vapor distribution with precipitation~ atmospheric circulation, and terrain are investigated. The results show that distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains are affected by the westerly belt, the southerly monsoon （the South Asian monsoon and plateau monsoon）, and the East Asian monsoon. In the northwest Qilian Mountains, water-vapor and precipitation are entirely affected by the westerly belt, and there is no other direction water-vapor transport except westerly watervapor flux, hence, the northwest region is regarded as the westerly belt region. In the south and middle of the mountaili, water-vapor is mainly controlled by the southerly monsoon, 37.7% of the total watervapor is from the south, especially in summer, the southerly water-vapor flux accounts for 55.9% of the total, and furthermore the water-vapor content in the southerly flow is more than that in the westerly flow. The southerly monsoon water-vapor is influenced by the South Asian monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the plateau monsoon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thus, the south and middle region is called southerly monsoon region. But in the northeast Qilian Mountains, the East Asian monsoon is the main climate system affecting the water-vapor. Besides west and northwest water-vapor fluxes, there are a lot of easterly water-vapor fluxes in summer. The frequency of easterly cloud motion winds in summer half year accounts for 27.1% of the total, though the frequency is not high, it is the main water-vapor source of summer precipitation in this region, therefore, the northwest region is a marginal region of the East Asian monsoon. On the other hand, atmospheric water-vapor, precipitation, and conver