Simple general atmospheric circulation and climate models with memory

This article examines some general atmospheric circulation and climate models in the context of the notion of “memory”. Two kinds of memories are defined： statistical memory and deterministic memory. The former is defined through the autocorrelation characteristic of the process if it is random （chaotic）, while for the latter, a special memory function is introduced. Three of the numerous existing models are selected as examples. For each of the models, asymptotic （at t →∞） expressions are derived. In this way, the transients are filtered out and that which remains concerns the final behaviour of the models.     

Modelling Hydrological Consequences of Climate Change—— Progress and Challenges

The simulation of hydrological consequences of climate change has received increasing attention from the hydrology and land-surface modelling communities. There have been many studies of climate-change effects on hydrology and water resources which usually consist of three steps： （1） use of general circulation models （GCMs） to provide future global climate scenarios under the effect of increasing greenhouse gases, （2） use of downscaling techniques （both nested regional climate models, RCMs, and statistical methods） for ＂downscaling＂ the GCM output to the scales compatible with hydrological models, and （3） use of hydrologic models to simulate the effects of climate change on hydrological regimes at various scales. Great progress has been achieved in all three steps during the past few years, however, large uncertainties still exist in every stage of such study. This paper first reviews the present achievements in this field and then discusses the challenges for future studies of the hydrological impacts of climate change.     

A case study on a strong tropical disturbance and record heavy rainfall in Hat Yai, Thailand during the winter monsoon

The evolutionary process and structural characteristics of the atmospheric circulation and synoptic situation which caused the record heavy rainfall with a precipitation amount of 550 mm in Hat Yai,Thailand from 20 to 23 November 2000 is studied. In the study, the modern three dimensional observational data were collected as completely as possible, and detailed analyses were made. It is revealed that the colds urges of the Asian winter monsoon that originate from Siberia can arrive at the lower latitudes, including South Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, cause strong heavy rainfall there, and interact with weather systems in the near-equatorial regions of the Southern Hemisphere. This is strongly supported by Chinese scientist‘s original finding in 1930s. The strong convective cloud clusters in the above areas are generated by the direct influence of the cold surges, and are related with the South China Sea disturbances in the lowe rtroposphere. The maximum of the convergence of total moisture flux near South Thailand in the situation under study implies that the water vapour supply is abundant and very favorable to the occurrence of the heavy rainfall. The release of latent heat enhances the Hadley Circulation also. The feedback of the strong severe weather on climate indeed exists, and there are pronounced interactions between the multi-scale systems and between both hemispheres.     

古海洋活性磷埋藏记录及其在氧气地球化学循环研究中的运用

在综合现代大洋活性磷循环特征的基础上,提出大洋中活性磷主要来源于有CO2 参与的地表岩石的化学风化,输入通量在很大程度上受到气候与构造等因素的控制;进入大洋之后的活性磷经光合作用而进入有机物,并通过一系列的转化环节而最终埋藏下来;从而可以根据古海洋活性磷埋藏记录,推断地质历史中不同时间尺度的全球变化情况。对比160 Ma以来的古海洋总磷和100 Ma活性磷埋藏记录可以发现:(1)总磷和活性磷的埋藏速率与长期的海平面变化明显关联,在温室气候条件下,两者基本呈正相关关系;在冰室气候条件下则为反相关关系;(2)总磷和活性磷埋藏速率的变化,能够在一定程度上指示古海洋营养条件的变化;(3)白垩纪中期大洋缺氧事件对应活性磷的埋藏峰值,表明大洋活性磷循环与大洋缺氧事件之间存在着非常密切的关系。此外还例举了古海洋活性磷埋藏记录在氧气地球化学循环研究中的运用,指出活性磷循环对大气氧含量的稳定起到重要的作用。文章最后对古海洋活性磷埋藏记录研究中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

应用环境同位素方法研究黑河源区水文循环特征

维持黑河流域中、下游绿洲生态和社会经济发展的水资源主要形成于祁连山区。该文在野外采样的基础上,通过测试分析不同地段、不同水体中的环境同位素(δD、δ^18O和^3H)和水化学组成特征,利用同位素混合模型,识别黑河源区地表水和地下水的来源、组成和径流过程,揭示源区的水文循环特征,在此基础上探讨源区水文循环模式。结果表明：1)黑河源区存在两类地下径流系统：局部径流系统接受局地降水和冰雪融水入渗补给,就近向河流排泄,水循环交替积极,据同位素估算结果,降水补给占76％,冰雪融水补给占24％;区域径流系统接受中高山带的降水和冰雪融水补给(补给高程大于3600m),在出山口附近的断裂带以泉的形式排泄,水循环交替缓慢。2)山区地表水由大气降水、冰雪融水和地下水组成,出山河水的构成为：降水占69％～72％,冰雪融水占23％～24％,深部地下水占5％～7％。     

循环荷载下冻土变形特性研究现状及冻土开挖问题

讨论了循环荷载作用下冻土的变形特性,总结了前人对冻土变形特性的研究成果。重点阐述了影响冻土变形特性的主要因素,包括土质、含水量、含冰量、温度、围压、动应力振幅和频率对冻土变形特性的影响及其研究现状和主要结论。简要论述了冻土开挖方面的研究情况,并强调了冻土机械开挖方法的重要性。最后针对高效开挖冻土的实际需求,提出了进行冻土变形特性进一步研究的几点建议。     

基于SVG的电子海图复杂矢量符号绘制方法

为有效解决可缩放矢量图形(SVG)中部分海图复杂矢量线、面符号无法绘制的瓶颈问题,在分析电子海图复杂矢量线、面符号结构的基础上,提出了相应的绘制方法,并对具体的处理方法与步骤进行了讨论,设计了关键算法,给予了代码实现,对算法进行了有效的验证。实验表明,所提算法具有较好的通用性和实用性,绘制效率高,弥补了SVG中海图符号表达的短板,为基于SVG的海图符号库建设和后续的网络化电子海图显示与应用研究奠定了技术基础。     

沿深度强度增加软土中吸力锚循环承载力模型试验

采用分层底部真空预压技术,在模型试验箱内制备强度沿深度增加的模型试验土层;进而利用自行开发的电动伺服加载装置,在荷载控制方式下,针对水平破坏模式,进行两种直径的吸力锚在最佳系泊点受倾斜方向静荷载与循环荷载共同作用下的承载力模型试验。试验结果表明,循环荷载作用过程中锚的循环变形没有明显增加,导致锚破坏的是循环累积变形。强度沿深度增加软土和均一强度软土中吸力锚循环承载力的相对变化规律一致,当循环破坏次数为100时,循环承载力是静承载力的90%左右;当循环破坏次数增加至2 000时,循环承载力减小至静承载力的70%左右。锚径的变化只影响循环承载力的大小,不影响其相对变化。强度沿深度增加土层中的吸力锚,其循环荷载下竖向阻力弱化程度大于水平阻力弱化程度,这与均一强度土层中吸力锚受循环荷载作用时的性态一致。     

袋内材料对土工袋动力特性参数影响的试验研究

土工袋加固地基技术已普遍应用于房屋地基、边坡加固等工程中。大量研究表明,土工袋具有显著的减振消能效果。为了进一步探讨不同的袋内充填土体材料对土工袋减振消能效果的影响,通过对不同粒径、级配、黏粒含量的填充土体材料及装有相应填充土体材料的土工袋进行水平循环剪切试验,研究袋内填充土体材料与动剪切模量及等效阻尼比2个参数的关系。试验结果表明,土体装入土工袋后,动剪切模量降低,等效阻尼比增大;当填充土体材料及土工袋内土体材料粒径相对较小、级配均匀、黏粒含量高时,等效阻尼比和动剪切模量较大。总体而言,粒径和级配对土工袋减振消能效果影响不大。     

土工袋减振隔振机制分析及试验研究

设置于地基中的土工袋不仅可以提高地基承载力,而且具有减振隔振效果。通过水平循环剪切试验研究了土工袋的动力特性,验证了土工袋具有可变的水平刚度和较大的阻尼比,表明土工袋是一种良好的基础减振隔振材料。土工袋的等效阻尼比随着竖向压力的增大而减小,随着最大剪应变的增大而增大。同时,采用离散单元法进行了土工袋在动力荷载作用下的数值模拟计算,土颗粒间采用弹簧-阻尼器接触模型;而土工袋被看成具有张力的小颗粒薄层,这些小颗粒间的接触与袋内土颗粒间的接触模型相同,但仅设置法向的接触而无切向接触,且只受拉不受压。结果表明,土工袋的减振消能效果主要来自于袋内材料的摩擦耗能、黏滞耗能以及袋子张力引起的耗能。另外,还进行了土工袋沟槽的原位振动测试,验证了土工袋的减振隔振效果。