Regional-scale identification of three-dimensional pattern of vegetation landscapes

The altitudinal pattern of vegetation is usually identified by field surveys,however,these can only provide discrete data on a local mountain.Few studies identifying and analyzing the altitudinal vegetation pattern on a regional scale are available.This study selected central Inner Mongolia as the study area,presented a method for extracting vegetation patterns in altitudinal and horizontal directions.The data included a vegetation map at a 1∶1 000 000 scale and a digital elevation model at a 1∶250 000 scale.The three-dimensional vegetation pattern indicated the distribution probability for each vegetation type and the transition zones between different vegetation landscapes.From low to high elevations,there were five vegetation types in the southern mountain flanks,including the montane steppe,broad-leaved forest,coniferous mixed forest,montane dwarf-scrub and sub-alpine shrub-meadow.Correspondingly,only four vegetation types were found in the northern flanks,except for the montane steppe.This study could provide a general model for understanding the complexity and diversity of mountain environment and landscape.     

Change of Soil Organic Carbon after Cropland Afforestation in ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′ Program Area in China

Land use change is one of the major factors that affect soil organic carbon(SOC) variation and global carbon balance. However, the effects of land use change on SOC are always variable. In this study, using a series of paired-field experiments, we estimated the effects of revegetation types and environmental conditions on SOC stock and vertical distribution after replacement of cropland with poplar(Populus tomentosa) and korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii) in three climate regions(Chifeng City, Fengning City and Datong City of the ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′(BTSSC) program area. The results show that SOC sequestration rate ranges from 0.15 Mg/(ha·yr) to 3.76 Mg/(ha·yr) in the soil layer of 0–100 cm in early stage after cropland afforestation in the BTSSC program area. The SOC accumulation rates are the highest in Fengning for both the two vegetation types. Compared to C. korshinskii, P. tomentosa has greater effects on SOC accumulation in the three climate regions, but significantly greater effect only appears in Datong. The SOC density increases by 20%–111% and 15%–59% for P. tomentosa and 9%–63% and 0–73% for C. korshinskii in the 0–20 cm and 20–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Our results indicate that cropland afforestation not only affects SOC stock in the topsoil, but also has some effects on subsoil carbon. However, the effect of cropland afforestation on SOC accumulation varied with climate regions and revegetation types. Considering the large area of revegetation and relatively high SOC accumulation rate, SOC sequestration in the BTSSC program should contribute significantly to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.     

破坏植被对黄土高原的影响

我国黄土高原位于黄河中游,在地理上是指太行山以西、乌鞘岭-日月山以东、秦岭以北和长城以南的广大地区,总面积约为40万平方千米,是世界上最大的黄土沉积区。     

国外复垦矿业城市案例

加拿大萨德伯里市：重污染矿都打造环保奇迹 萨德伯里（现在叫大萨德伯里市）是世界最大的镍都和加拿大最大铜都。第一座铜镍矿于1886年投产。铜矿和镍矿的发展为当地经济发展产生了巨大推动力,也对当地环境产生极大扰动,至上世纪70年代,城市被形容成＂月球景观＂般荒凉。多年的采矿伐木几乎破坏了该地区所有地面植被,污染了湖泊河流,冶炼厂排烟和废弃岩石流出的酸性物质形成大面积污染,破坏力影响了8万多平方公顷土地及1.7万个湖泊。     

The influence of seasonal snow on soil thermal and water dynamics under different vegetation covers in a permafrost region

Seasonal snow is one of the most important influences on the development and distribution of permafrost and the hydrothermal regime in surface soil. Alpine meadow, which constitutes the main land type in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, was selected to study the influence of seasonal snow on the temperature and moisture in active soil layers under different vegetation coverage. Monitoring sites for soil moisture and temperature were constructed to observe the hydrothermal processes in active soil layers under different vegetation cover with seasonal snow cover variation for three years from 2010 to 2012. Differences in soil temperature and moisture in areas of diverse vegetation coverage with varying levels of snow cover were analyzed using active soil layer water and temperature indices. The results indicated that snow cover greatly influenced the hydrothermal dynamics of the active soil layer in alpine meadows. In the snow manipulation experiment with a snow depth greater than 15 cm, the snow cover postponed both the freeze-fall and thawrise onset times of soil temperature and moisture in alpine LC （lower vegetation coverage） meadows and of soil moisture in alpine HC （higher vegetation coverage） meadows; however, the opposite response occurred for soil temperatures of alpine HC meadows,where the entire melting period was extended by advancing the thaw-rise and delaying the freeze-fall onset time of the soil temperature. Snow cover resulted in a decreased amplitude and rate of variation in soil temperature, for both alpine HC meadows and alpine LC meadows, whereas the distinct influence of snow cover on the amplitude and rate of soil moisture variation occurred at different soil layers with different vegetation coverages. Snow cover increased the soil moisture of alpine grasslands during thawing periods. The results confirmed that the annual hydrothermal dynamics of active layers in permafrost were subject to the synergistic actions of both snow cover and vegetation coverage.     

景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境演变特征及影响机制研究——以大南岳旅游圈为例

以系统论和人地关系理论为基础,从自组织性、周期性和波动性等3个方面总结了景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境的演变特征。以大南岳旅游圈为例,将旅游要素流的时空变换作为主要驱动因子,构建了景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境演变的动力模型,其演变过程经历了入侵、竞争、反应和调控4个阶段,每一个阶段的驱动力量和作用方式不同,所产生的人居效应有差异。其中,入侵过程可看做是旅游要素流的空间集聚对乡村旅游地人居环境的影响;竞争过程实质上是分化过程和共生过程的统一;反映过程是乡村旅游地人居环境系统对外界干扰的适应与调整;调控过程是厘清乡村人居环境时空格局与旅游发展过程之间的内在联系,寻求景区边缘型乡村旅游地人居环境建设路径。     

氮沉降对长白山苔原植被影响的试验研究

为了探讨氮沉降增加对苔原植被的影响,特别是对草本植物侵入苔原的作用,在长白山高山苔原带进行了连续4 a的人工氮沉降模拟实验,测定3种设定的氮沉降水平下牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron chrysanthum)、笃斯越橘(Vaccinium uliginosum)和小叶章(Deyeuxia angustifolia)的生长状况和群落结构变化。研究结果表明:1与牛皮杜鹃、笃斯越橘等苔原本地种相比,氮沉降量增加更有利于侵入的小叶章生长;牛皮杜鹃生长对氮沉降量变化响应微弱,氮沉降量增加能明显抑制笃斯越橘的生长。2无小叶章侵入的牛皮杜鹃和笃斯越橘斑块在不同氮沉降量条件下,群落结构变化不明显,氮沉降增加不是小叶章侵入苔原带的直接原因。3在小叶章侵入牛皮杜鹃和笃斯越橘斑块后,氮沉降量增加强化了小叶章的竞争能力,逐渐取代牛皮杜鹃或笃斯越橘,成为优势种,推动高山苔原向高山草甸转化。因此,随着氮沉降量的不断增加,长白山苔原带将面临退化与草甸化。     

地理国情普查的对象和内容

正普查对象:我国陆地国土范围内的地表自然和人文地理要素。普査内容:一是自然地理要素的基本情况,包括地形地貌、植被覆盖、水域、荒漠与裸露地等的类别、位置、范围、面积等,掌握其空间分布状况;二是入文地理要素的基本情况,包括与人类活动密切相关的交通网络、居民     

光学遥感图像植被信息抑制通用方法

植被是影响岩石信息提取的主要因素之一.为此,采用一种通用的光学遥感图像增强方法,即植被信息掩模抑制方法,对植被信息进行抑制处理.该方法主要包括掩模、强迫不变及整体色调调整等3个步骤.通过对浙江省杭州市、云南省富宁县、江西省荣塘镇和广东省中西部等4个地区的实验结果表明,该方法对不同光谱、不同空间分辨率光学遥感图像上的植被...     

GIS植被信息数据采集方法探讨

植被是林业和环境的重要组成因子,植被信息是林业和环境专业地理信息系统的重要组成部分,通过生产实践,介绍了植被信息数据采集的方法。