台湾以北海域浮游桡足类生物海洋学特征的研究Ⅲ.指示性种类

在对台湾以北海域浮游桡足类生物海洋学特征研究Ⅱ。群落特征研究的基础上,用不同生态类群的指示性种类分布来分析对应水系的变化过程。结果表明,普通波水蚤(Undinula vulgaris)和帽状真哲水蚤(Eucalanus pileatus)的数量分布可以指示台湾海峡水的季节变化和消长趋势;海洋真刺水蚤(Euchaetamarina)能反映黑潮表层水的影响程度;热带大洋高盐偏低温类群种类在陆架区的分布状况可反映黑潮次表层水的入侵涌升范围;中华哲水蚤(Chlanussinicus)的分布反映了沿岸水势力影响的季节差异,可能是受陆架区横向环流的影响,它能扩布到较远岸区域,此时该种类对偏低温的适宜性致使其在较低温水体中的丰度较高;对热带大洋低温高盐类群种类的研究发现,春季隆线似哲水蚤(Chlanoidescarinatus)在测区陆架区广泛分布是由冬季在台湾浅滩南部上升流区该种的大量涌现并随台湾海峡水北上携带而来的,然而,从隆线似哲水蚤和该类群另两种在陆坡下层的出现显示了中、深层水有可能在本区东南侧涌升。     

Spatiotemporal distribution of protozooplankton and copepod nauplii in relation to the occurrence of giant jellyfish in the Yellow Sea

The occurrence of the giant jellyfish, Nemopilema nomurai, has been a frequent phenomenon in the Yellow Sea. However, the relationship between the giant jellyfish and protozoa, in particular ciliates, remains largely unknown. We investigated the distribution of nanoflagellates, ciliates, Noctiluca scintillans, and copepod nauplii along the transect 33~N in the Yellow Sea in June and August, 2012, during an occurrence of the giant jellyfish, and in October of that year when the jellyfish was absent. The organisms studied were mainly concentrated in the surface waters in summer, while in autumn they were evenly distributed in the water column. Nanoflagellate, ciliate, and copepod nauplii biomasses increased from early June to August along with jellyfish growth, the first two decreased in October, while N. scintillans biomass peaked in early June to 3 571 pg C/L and decreased in August and October. In summer, ciliate biomass greatly exceeded that of copepod nauplii （4.61-15.04 ~tg C/L vs. 0.34-0.89 pg C/L）. Ciliate production was even more important than biomass, ranging from 6.59 to 34.19 ~tg C/（L.d） in summer. Our data suggest a tight and positive association among the nano-, micro-, and meso-zooplankton in the study area. Statistical analysis revealed that the abundance and total production of ciliate as well as loricate ciliate biomass were positively correlated with giant jellyfish biomass, indicating a possible predator-prey relationship between ciliates and giant jellyfish. This is in contrast to a previous study, which reported a significant reduction in ciliate standing crops due to the mass occurrence ofN. nomurai in summer. Our study indicates that, with its high biomass and, in particular, high production ciliates might support the mass occurrence of giant jellyfish.     

二氧化碳酸化对两种桡足类肌肉和卵母细胞超微结构的影响

利用实验生态学方法及透射电子显微镜技术对培养于CO₂酸化海水中的中华哲水蚤和刺尾纺锤水蚤肌肉和卵母细胞超微结构进行了观察。结果表明:两种桡足类肌丝排列的有序性均随酸化的加剧而降低,较高CO₂浓度海水会对桡足类产生一定程度的氧化损伤;桡足类卵母细胞的电子密度随酸化的加剧而降低,球形颗粒出现内缩或瓦解,酸化可能会导致桡足类卵母细胞发生过量凋亡,从而影响卵的质量。     

亚热带喀斯特水库桡足类和枝角类动物群落的季节变化——以贵州红枫湖、百花湖、阿哈水库为例

2008年至2009年对贵州红枫湖(HF)、百花湖(BH)、阿哈水库(AH)的桡足类和枝角类动物进行4次采样调查,共发现桡足类5科11属19种,其中包含一未定种。枝角类5科9属14种。三个水库中都存在的桡足类优势种为绿色近剑水蚤、叶片剑水蚤、短尾温剑水蚤;枝角类的优势种为长刺溞、长额象鼻溞;角突网汶溞。桡足类和枝角类的总密度在红枫湖为春季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低;在百花湖为夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低;在阿哈水库为春季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低。三个水库季节生物多样性比较:春季的多样性是AH＞BH＞HF;夏季和冬季是BH＞AH＞HF;秋季是AH＞HF＞BH。季节性气候变化和污染是影响桡足类和枝角类动物群落变化的重要因素。      

广东湛江沿海口足类的初步报告

本文报道１９９２～１９９３年在湛江沿海收集的口足类标本，经整理鉴定共２０种，隶属３个上科，６个科，１３个属。对每种的外部形态作了描述。     

A NEW SPECIES OF RANINOIDES （CRUSTACEA ： DECAPODA ： RANINIDAE） FROM OFF THE SOUTHEASTERN COAST OF HAINAN ISLAND AND NANSHA ISLANDS

Ranlnoides longifions new species, off SE coast of Hainan Island, dorsal surface of carapace with an arched granular edge across carapace between the anterolateral teeth, median frontal tooth longest, second frontal teeth subquadrate.     

鳍足类线粒体基因的选择压力比较及进化关系探讨

鳍足类Pinnipeds是海洋哺乳动物的重要类群,现存种类包括海象科Odobenidae、海狮科Otariidae和海豹科Phocidae的所有物种。在海豹属Phoca中,atp8基因的Ka/Ks最高,仅为0.084 7(远小于1),因而海豹属所有线粒体蛋白质编码基因的选择压力均非常高。对于群海豹属Pusa,cox1、cox2和nad3基因的Ka/Ks均为0,表明在这3个基因中,所有的核苷酸的替换均为同义替换,没有出现氨基酸的改变。科内、属内基因变异位点的分析表明,nad5、nad4和nad2基因可以作为cox1和cob基因辅助的分子标记。线粒体基因组的系统发育结果,强烈支持食肉目所有12个科均为单系群,并且鳍足类(海狮科、海象科和海豹科)为食肉目Carnivora内部的一个单系群(BPM=100,BPP=100)。在鳍足类内部,海狮科与海象科亲缘关系最近,聚类为海狮总科Otarioidea,然后与海豹科聚类:(海狮科+海象科)+海豹科。在海豹科内部,线粒体基因组的证据支持将海豹科划分为2个亚科,即僧海豹亚科Monachinae和海豹亚科Phocinae。线粒体基因组的证据,强烈支持鼬科Mustelidae与浣熊科Procyonidae关系最近,臭鼬科Mephitidae与熊猫科Ailuridae近缘,同时,鳍足类与[(鼬科+浣熊科)+(臭鼬科+熊猫科)]为姊妹群,而与熊科Ursidae较远。犬科Canidae在犬型亚目Caniformia中分化较早,位于犬型亚目的基部。     

黄渤海双壳类的寄生剑水蚤类研究

本文对黄渤海双壳类的寄生桡足类进行了调查。共检查双壳类32种8628个体,从9种双壳类中发现了1126个寄生剑水蚤类标本。基于形态学研究鉴定出剑水蚤类8种,隶属于4科8属。分别为负羽壳蚤(Conchyliurus quintus Tanaka)、竹蛏赫尔曼蚤(Herrmannella soleni Kim&Ho)、拟舐皮蚤(Lichomolgus similis Ho&Kim)、二分偏顶蛤蚤(Modiolicola bifida Tanaka)、高氏牡蛎蚤(Ostrincola koe Tanaka)、多刺伪海螂蚤(Pseudomyicola spinosus(Raffaele&Monticelli))、东方贻贝蚤(Mytilicola orientalis Mori)和日本蹄螺蚤(Trochicola japonica Shimura&Kuwabara)。其中,高氏牡蛎蚤在中国黄海曾有报道,其余7种为中国新记录种。依据黄渤海的标本对上述物种的形态进行了简要描述和讨论,并对其宿主、感染率、感染强度、地理分布等进行了报道。