中国荒漠C4木本植物和土壤无机固碳研究回顾与展望

碳是贯穿自然和社会的首要元素之一,碳循环是自然和社会系统的重要纽带。陆地生态系统的自然固碳途径有2种,一种是植物碳同化,另一种是土壤碳同化,人们一直关注植物的有机固碳,对于土壤的无机固碳重视不够。本文回顾了中国荒漠区固碳能力强的C₄木本植物和土壤无机固碳研究进展。通过解剖结构观察、δ¹³C值和气体交换特征全面分析得出,荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）为典型的C₄木本植物,梭梭同化枝有大量的含晶细胞,沙拐枣同化枝有大量的黏液细胞。干旱区荒漠的非生物固碳能力至今缺乏合理解释。通过对戈壁、沙漠和壤质荒漠土壤无机碳密度和碳储量分析,提出了土壤碳同化（soil carbon assimilation）概念,并给出了土壤碳同化途径的3个阶段,解释了土壤无机固碳这一现象;与植物碳同化比较,土壤碳同化是荒漠固碳的主要途径。最后,展望了荒漠C₄木本植物和土壤碳同化的研究方向及对中国2060年前实现碳中和目标的可能贡献。     

蒙古国北部Gun Nuur湖表层沉积物花粉分布特征

 蒙古国北部Gun Nuur湖20个表层沉积物孢粉组合与数量分析研究揭示,孢粉组合及浓度分布存在显著空间差异。结果表明：双束松型花粉百分含量由湖泊东南向西北降低,桦属、蒿属、藜科以及禾本科百分含量增加,湖泊东南侧赤松林是造成孢粉组合空间分异的主要原因。孢粉浓度分布与湖泊水深具有良好的对应关系,体现了湖水流对孢粉的二次搬运和富集作用。现代森林草原地带Gun Nuur湖表层孢粉组合中松属含量较高,具超代表性;受松属影响蒿属和藜科花粉含量较低,代表性较低。     

The decreasing spring frost risks during the flowering period for woody plants in temperate area of eastern China over past 50 years

The temperate monsoon area of China is an important agricultural region but late spring frosts have frequently caused significant damage to plants there. Based on phenological data derived from the Chinese Phenological Observation Network （CPON）, corresponding meteorological data from 12 study sites and phenological modeling, changes in flowering times of multiple woody plants and the frequency of frost occurrence were analyzed. Through these analyses, frost risk during the flowering period at each site was estimated. Results of these estimates suggested that first flowering dates （FFD） in the study area advanced significantly from 1963 to 2009 at an average rate of -1.52 days/decade in North-east China （P〈0.01） and -2.22 days/decade （P〈0.01） in North China. Over the same period, the number of frost days in spring decreased and the last frost days advanced across the study area. Considering both flowering phenology and occurrence of frost, the frost risk index, which measures the percentage of species exposed to frost during the flowering period in spring, exhibited a decreasing trend of -0.37% per decade （insignificant） in Northeast China and -1.80% per decade （P〈0.01） in North China, implying that frost risk has reduced over the past half century. These conclusions provide important information to agriculture and forest managers in devising frost protection schemes in the region.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AT XINTALA SITE,XINJIANG,RECONSTRUCTED FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANT REMAINS

本文选择新疆中部新塔拉剖面为研究对象,运用炭化种子和花粉等植物指标,对新塔拉先民农业活动及其环境效应进行了探讨.新塔拉小麦炭化种子直接测年为3682～3921 cal.aB.P.,指示新塔拉地区早在3800cal.aB.P.左右已有小麦农业,与古墓沟小麦遗存相当,早于小河墓地小麦遗存.研究显示新塔拉在3600～3900cal.aB.P.之间农业活动以小麦种植为主,黍作为辅.新疆地区干旱气候条件下,农业活动尤其是灌溉农业可导致土地盐碱化加剧.土地盐碱化可能是新塔拉地区3600cal.aB.P.以后农业活动减弱的主要原因.     

古植被定量重建与R值模型的发展——R值和ERV模型在兴隆山地区的应用

基于兴隆山自然保护区及其周边地区30个样方的植被调查和表土花粉分析,运用R值计算方法和ERV模型估算了我国北方常见的几种乔木和草本植物花粉的代表性和相对花粉产量.R值显示蒿属花粉为超代表性,云杉属和沙棘属代表性略高,栎属和桦属代表性适中,禾本科和莎草科为低代表性.ERV模型估算结果显示云杉属、沙棘属和栎属的花粉产量较高,桦木属的花粉产量较低,而禾本科和莎草科的花粉产量很低.通过对结果的分析表明:云杉属、沙棘属、栎属、莎草科和禾本科根据R值计算得到的代表性结果和ERV模型估算得到的花粉产量结果有较好的一致性,但有很高背景花粉成分的桦属和蒿属的花粉产量较低,主要是由于R值没有考虑背景花粉成分对花粉百分比的影响.因此,在进行景观尺度的植被重建时一定要考虑背景花粉成分的影响,以确定当地是否有对应的母体植物大量分布.     

天山南坡小尤尔都斯盆地表土孢粉初步研究

通过天山中部小尤尔都斯盆地南北方向采集的27个表土样品的孢粉分析, 探讨了孢粉和植被带的关系及盆地中美天鹅湖的孢粉来源问题. 结果表明: 孢粉组合主要成分是云杉属、 菊科、 禾本科、 蒿属、 藜科、 唐松草属、 莎草科、 水龙骨和其他蕨类孢子, 表土孢粉组合与各植被带之间有良好的对应关系.主成分分析表明, 研究区植被分布主要受温度因素控制. 上升气流和水流是影响针叶林带云杉属花粉传播的主要因素, 由山谷风从巩乃斯云杉林带来的云杉花粉受到美天鹅湖北侧小山阻挡, 沉降在湖泊以南的山坡上, 之后随降雨和雪山融水进入美天鹅湖. 大部分表土孢粉属种的空间分布与相应的植物分布一致, 而蒿属和藜科花粉百分含量在一定程度上代表了区域花粉雨的信号, 利用A/C比值重建古环境时须要谨慎.蒿、 藜花粉计数较少时, A/C比值波动较大, 计数值大于约280粒时, A/C比值趋于稳定.     

中国西南纵向岭谷区孢粉空间组合对阻隔作用的指示意义

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.     

极地海洋边界层花粉初步研究

在中国第22次南极考察过程中,采用大容量悬浮颗粒采样器收集了雪龙船航线海洋边界层气溶胶样品。对采自热带、温带和南极的典型样品进行了花粉种类鉴定,并讨论了花粉的组成及分布特征。在此基础上,结合HYSPLIT大气输送和扩散模型,探讨了花粉的来源及其传输路径。     

人体对未破壁花粉消化过程实验分析

花粉是一种营养价值极高的天然保健食品。人体食用花粉是否需要破壁,历来有争议。选用玉米、油菜、荷花、荞麦、芝麻、茶花花粉进行人体直接食用与模拟人体不同消化酶消化的对比实验。结果表明：花粉不需破壁即可被人体消化,消化率在90％以上,人体保健花粉的最佳用量为5g／d。     

白洋淀湖泊表层花粉通量特征及来源途径分析

白洋淀湖面捕捉器样品、湖底捕捉器样品和湖泊表层沉积物样品花粉组合及花粉通量均能较好地反映地方和区域植被特征。湖面捕捉器花粉通量明显低于湖底捕捉器,通过对比湖面、湖底捕捉器花粉通量,发现白洋淀湖泊有91%以上的花粉由地表径流携带而来。判别分析结果表明:湖水和空气在花粉传播和沉积过程中均存在对花粉的搅匀和混合作用,样品类型间花粉组合差异大于样点间差异,花粉来源途径的不同对湖泊花粉组合影响明显。