青藏高原柴达木盆地湖泊长链烯酮和中位酮的研究及其意义

柴达木盆地地处西北干旱区、青藏高原和东部季风区三大自然区域交汇地带,生态环境极其脆弱,是开展古气候研究的理想场所。本次以青藏高原柴达木盆地湖泊沉积物为研究对象,利用先进的前处理方法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）,探讨该区长链烯酮和中位酮的分布特征及指示意义。研究表明,青海湖、尕海湖、托素湖和可鲁克湖的湖泊表层沉积物中均含有长链烯酮系列化合物,并显示出C37优势模式。其中,尕海湖、托素湖和可鲁克湖具有相近的烯酮比值（C37/C38）,暗示这3个湖泊可能具有相同的烯酮母源藻。而柴达木盆地湖泊中C37四不饱和烯酮含量（% C37：4指标）与盐度呈正相关关系,这与青海湖和已发表的结论相矛盾,可能是由于湖泊中藻类群落结构的差异性而导致的。在可鲁克湖湖边湿地钻取了520cm的沉积物岩芯,将岩芯的烯酮数据与可鲁克湖和青海湖已发表的烯酮记录进行对比,发现存在一定的差异性,可能与采样的位置、烯酮母源藻物种效应和柴达木盆地湖泊的特殊自然条件有关。特别的是,本次研究在湖泊表层沉积物和沉积物钻孔中均检测出长链中位酮系列化合物（C31-16-one、C33-17-one和C35-18-one）,且其表现为随着碳数增加,化合物丰度明显减小的变化趋势,即C31>C33>C35。通过与正构烷烃参数进行对比,发现C31-16-one可能来源于沉水植物,而C33-17-one和C35-18-one可能来源于高等植物贡献。在"8.2ka"和"4.2ka"冷事件中,C31-16-one的含量显著减小,而C33-17-one和C35-18-one增加,暗示中位酮系列化合物可能是指示古气候环境变化的潜在指标。     

Geological Conditions and Prospect Forecast of Shale Gas Formation in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The presence of shale gas has been confirmed in almost every marine shale distribution area in North America.Formation conditions of shale gas in China are the most favorable for marine,organic-rich shale as well.But there has been little research focusing on shale gas in Qiangtang Basin,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,where a lot of Mesozoic marine shale formations developed.Based on the survey results of petroleum geology and comprehensive test analysis data for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,for the first time,this paper discusses characteristics of sedimentary development,thickness distribution,geochemistry,reservoir and burial depth of organic-rich shale,and geological conditions for shale gas formation in Qiangtang Basin.There are four sets of marine shale strata in Qiangtang Basin including Upper Triassic Xiaochaka Formation （T3x）,Middle Jurassic Buqu Formation （J2b）,Xiali Formation （J2x） and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation （J3s）,the sedimentary types of which are mainly bathyal-basin facies,open platform-platform margin slope facies,lagoon and tidal-fiat facies,as well as delta facies.By comparing it with the indicators of gas shale in the main U.S.basins,it was found that the four marine shale formations in Qiangtang Basin constitute a multi-layer distribution of organic-rich shale,featuring a high degree of thickness and low abundance of organic matter,high thermal evolution maturity,many kinds of brittle minerals,an equivalent content of quartz and clay minerals,a high content of feldspar and low porosity,which provide basic conditions for an accumulation of shale gas resources.Xiaochaka Formation shale is widely distributed,with big thickness and the best gas generating indicators.It is the main gas source layer.Xiali Formation shale is of intermediate thickness and coverage area,with relatively good gas generating indicators and moderate gas formation potential.Buqu Formation shale and Suowa Formation shale are of relatively large thickness,and covering a small area,with poor gas generating indicators,and limited gas formation potential.The shale gas geological resources and technically recoverable resources were estimated by using geologic analogy method,and the prospective areas and potentially favorable areas for Mesozoic marine shale gas in Qiangtang Basin are forecast and analyzed.It is relatively favorable in a tectonic setting and indication of oil and gas,shale maturity,sedimentary thickness and gypsum-salt beds,and in terms of mineral association for shale gas accumulation.But the challenge lies in overcoming the harsh natural conditions which contributes to great difficulties in ground engineering and exploration,and high exploration costs.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN CRUDE OILS

Crude oils from different basins in China ,Australia and New Zealand were analyzed to character-ize aromatic hydrocarbons produced in different environments by means of GC/MS .The distributions of some common compounds such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, chrysene,pyrene, fluoranthene, fluorine,dibenzothiophene and dibenzofuran were found to be related to sedimentary environments.Especially the relative contents of fluorenes ,dibenzofurans and dibenzothiophenes can be used to di-vide the oils into three types(1) saline or marine carbonate environment;(2) fresh-brackish water lake;(3) swamp and coal-bearing sequence.A romatic biomarkers (e.g.retene, nor-abietene,derivatives of lupeol and β-amyrin)represent higher plant inpults with respect to the precursors of crude oils. High contents of sulphur-containing compounds like benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene series indicate a reducing sulphur-abundant diagenetic condition .The benzohopane series (C32-C35) was identified both in hypersaline and coal-bearing basins, and it is postulated to be the result of strong bacteria activity.In all the sam-ples, a complete series of alkyl benzenes was analyzed .The similarity of its carbon-number distrbu-tion with that of n-alkanes probably suggests their genetic relationship. The distribution of the methylphenanthrene series reflects the evolution degree of crude oils,MPI holding a positive correlation with C29-sterane 20S/(20S 20R).     

利用预测有机碳含量探讨鄂尔多斯盆地延长组有机质丰度空间分布及控制因素

为了快速查明鄂尔多斯盆地延长组有机质丰度的空间分布特征,选取盆地南部不同地区的5口典型钻井,通过基于测井数据定量预测有机碳(TOC)含量的快捷方法,评价了不同钻井区域长9段~长4+5段烃源岩的TOC丰度,并对其差异性分布的控制因素进行了探讨。结果显示,研究区西部和西南部延长组TOC含量以烃源岩评价标准中的"好"和"很好"等级为主,而盆地中部、东部和南部地区以"一般"和"好"等级为主。华池、合水和瑶曲地区有机质富集层主要集中在长7段,达到"很好"烃源岩标准的连续厚度约30m,志丹地区有机质富集层集中在长9段,达到"很好"等级的连续烃源岩厚约20m,它们形成于延长组层序Ⅰ或层序Ⅱ的高位体系域中;而宜川地区不发育有机质富集层段。研究认为,沉积相的展布和演化是导致延长组有机质空间分布差异的主要控制因素,火山活动和沉积速率的变化加剧了有机质丰度的空间差异,而深部热流体活动和古气候条件等可能也是延长组有机质丰度差异分布的影响因素。     

微山湖泗河三角洲沉积

山东省济宁市以南的南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖和微山湖连成一片，通称南四湖，也叫微山湖。是被淹没的河道洼地湖，泗河及其三角洲，是该湖流域中流量最大的河流和最活跃的三角洲。三角洲表层沉积物，自河口向外和自分流河道向两侧，直至湖湾，存在着粒度由粗变细，分选由好到差，有机质含量由少到多，重矿物含量由高到低和还原程度逐渐增高的规律。这一高能带向低能带递变的特点与沉积构造平面展布上，     

南堡凹陷下第三系烃源岩显微组分组成与热演化

采用有机岩石学全岩光片镜鉴技术 ,系统研究了南堡凹陷下第三系烃源岩的显微组分组成、主要生烃组分及热演化。南堡凹陷烃源岩总体上具有以陆生高等植物生源的有机物质占优势 ,富含镜质组、贫惰性组的特点 ,孢子体、藻类体、壳屑体和矿物沥青基质为该区主要生烃组分。利用镜质组反射率 Ro 和富氢组分显微荧光的变化 ,讨论了南堡凹陷下第三系烃源岩有机质热演化的特征 ,初步提出了有机质热演化阶段的划分方案。     

土壤颗粒有机质研究进展

土壤颗粒有机质（POM）是指粒径大小为53～2000μm土壤颗粒中的有机质,主要由不同分解阶段植物残体和微生物分解产物组成,具有比重小、C／N高、易被微生物分解等特征,与轻组有机质的性质相似,是土壤营养物质的重要来源．气候条件、农业耕作与管理方式、土地利用变化、施肥等外界条件对POM有明显影响,一般认为POM变化对外界条件的响应比总有机质（SOM）的变化更为敏感．POM在土壤团聚体特别是微团聚体中的分布影响土壤C吸存．未来的研究趋势包括：标准化POM的分离方法、在控制条件下研究新形成的POM的来源与去向、POM分解对温度变化的敏感性以及结合密度、颗粒大小及团聚体分组的技术手段去研究土壤有机C动态和C吸存机制．     

土壤碳动力学同位素示踪研究进展

土壤是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库。土壤碳动力学旨在研究土壤有机碳库的大小及更新速率。土壤有机碳库可分为 3个亚碳库："活动"、"缓慢"和"稳定"碳库。碳同位素特别是 14 C可作为研究土壤碳动力学的理想示踪剂;δ 13 C值是定量研究C3和C4植被更替历史的有效手段; 14 C示踪及年代测定与 13 C信号联合使用,可以估算土壤碳库的大小和驻留时间。碳同位素示踪应用于土壤碳动力学研究取得了较大进展,但是由于缺乏可靠的全球数据库和标准方法来量化土壤有机碳库,导致对土壤各亚碳库的大小和更新速率以及土壤CO2的估算仍存在较大的不确定性,从而难以估计土壤碳库大小的变化对大气CO 2浓度和全球气候变化的潜在贡献。     

盐城潮滩湿地不同植被带土壤有机质空间分布特征

对盐城潮滩湿地不同植被带土壤有机质质量分数进行分析,以探讨土壤有机质的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:1)盐城潮滩湿地土壤有机质质量分数较低.介于2.97～12.92 g·kg-1.2)在水平方向上土壤有机质质量分数,植被带高于光滩,互花米草滩高于碱蓬滩与禾草滩.且各植被带之间差异显著(P＜0.05).3)在垂向上...     

海水中溶解有机质对Fe 的迁移转化的影响

<正>Fe是海洋浮游植物生长必需的重要元素,影响浮游植物新陈代谢过程中的各个步骤,对光合作用、呼吸作用过程中电子的传递,氮的还原,叶绿素的合成,以及一些活性氧化物质的降解起到非常重要作用[1]。尽管全球接近30%的大洋表层水中氮、磷、硅营养盐含量丰富,但由于受到Fe限制,出现了高营养盐低生产力现象,这对全球碳循环和气候变化产生重大影响[2,3]。鉴于上述原因,Fe逐渐成为生物地球化学领域的研究热点。国际上对Fe的研究大致经历了三个阶