Historical Sediment Record of ~(137)Cs, δ-HCH,and δ~(13)C Reflects the Impact of Land Use on Soil Erosion

This paper reports the concentrations of 137 Cs, hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDT) and its main degradation products, δ13C, and organic carbon in pond sediments(0-210 cm, sectioned by 2-20 cm interval) and surface soils(the 0-3 cm horizon) collected in 2010 from Chenjia catchment, which is located in Yanting county in the hilly central Sichuan of China. α-, δ-, and γ-HCH, DDT, and DDD were not detected throughout the sediment profile. Trace concentrations of δ-HCH(0.89-29.31 ng g-1) and p,p′-DDE(1.85-6.02 ng g-1) were detected only in top 40 cm sediment. The 137 Cs fallout peak in 1963(corresponding to the 55-60 cm depth), the sedimentary signature left by the last year of HCH use in 1989(an additional indicator at 20-25 cm), and the obvious original channel bed prior to the construction of the pond in 1956 were used as temporal markers to estimate changes in average sedimentation rate between different periods due to changes in land use. Continuous, marked decrease in average sedimentation rate(i.e., 3.79, 1.35 and 1.07 cm year-1 in 1956-1963, 1963-1989, and 1989-2010, respectively)over time was observed, probably due to the reforestation, abandoning of steep sloping farmland for afforestation and natural re-vegetation(implementation of the Grain for Green Program), and the conversion of part of gently sloping farmland terraces to orchard land since the 1980 s, especially since the 1990 s. This was corroborated by the observed decrease(more negative) in δ13C of sediment towards the surface, which indicates increased relative contribution of eroded soil particles coming from slopes with increased tree cover in sediment source area. Combined use of 137 Cs, δ-HCH, and δ13C record in sediments has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach to reconstruction of response in sedimentation rate to historical land use changes.     

“南音不幸而盛”:冯梦龙批评晚明剧坛析辨

冯梦龙主张戏曲创作要"奇",且"调协韵严",基于此,他对晚明剧坛创作中存在的问题予以批评。这些批评从两个方面展开。在"曲"的方面,他批评了民间传奇创作、文人创新、汤显祖及其追随者等;在"戏"的方面,他提出"奇"的标准——"事奇"和"掀翻窠臼",并批评很多作品难以做到这两点。冯梦龙对晚明剧坛的批评原则立于对形式的推崇,故而有其局限性。     

自然恢复和人工促进恢复对侵蚀退化生态系统碳贮量的影响比较

本研究以严重侵蚀退化马尾松林为研究对象,采取自然恢复和人工促进恢复2种措施对退化地进行修复,监测恢复前后生态系统碳贮量变化。结果表明:自然恢复和人工促进恢复后生态系统总碳贮量分别是恢复前的2.78和4.87倍,其中,植被层碳贮量分别是恢复前的14.30和30.87倍,土壤层碳贮量分别是恢复前的1.85和2.78倍。生态系统内土壤碳的恢复速率落后于植被。2种不同恢复措施相比,人工促进恢复的生态系统碳吸存速率显著快于自然恢复(P0.01),人工促进恢复后生态系统碳吸存速率是自然恢复的2.17倍,其中植被和土壤的吸存速率也分别是自然恢复的2.26倍和2.09倍。而且人工促进恢复后的退化系统,碳库在乔木层各器官的分配方式更符合健康生态系统的分配方式,系统功能和结构更加稳定,有利于系统后期恢复。因此,从退化生态系统恢复的紧迫性和长期性考虑,采取积极的人工促进恢复措施能维持退化系统快速、持续恢复。     

中亚热带2种天然林表层土壤N_2O排放速率

运用静态箱-气相色谱法对中亚热带地区米槠天然林和阿丁枫天然林土壤N2O排放速率进行了1年(2012年1月—2013年1月)原位观测,分析了土壤温度及含水量对土壤N2O排放速率的影响,并探讨土壤无机N含量变化与土壤N2O排放速率的关系。结果表明,观测期间,2种天然林均表现为大气N2O排放源,米槠天然林和阿丁枫天然林平均土壤N2O排放速率分别为7.29μg·m-2·h-1、7.41μg·m-2·h-1;米槠天然林和阿丁枫天然林土壤N2O排放速率季节变化明显,最高排放速率均出现在夏季6月,分别为16.51μg·m-2·h-1、18.86μg·m-2·h-1;2个林分N2O排放速率最低值分别出现在2012年1月和2012年9月,分别为3.04μg·m-2·h-1和2.17μg·m-2·h-1。2种天然林土壤N2O排放速率均与土壤温度无显著相关性,与土壤含水量显著正相关(P0.05);2种天然林土壤N2O排放速率与NH4+含量均无显著相关性,米槠天然林和阿丁枫天然土壤N2O排放速率与NO3-含量分别呈显著负相关和显著正相关(P0.05)。研究结果表明,土壤含水量及NO3-含量的变化对中亚热带天然林土壤N2O排放速率有着重要的影响。     

泥石流源区崩滑土体粒度特征及其产沙特性

泥石流形成与崩滑土体的存在密切相关,大量崩滑土体堆积在泥石流源区,为泥石流形成提供了丰富的固体物质。通过对云南东川蒋家沟泥石流源区崩滑土体的粒度特征分析,探讨了源区崩滑土体粒度特征与泥石流颗粒组成的关系。结果表明,源区崩滑土体和泥石流机械组成相似,粒度分布主要为单峰分布,说明泥石流粒度组成继承了源区崩滑土体的性质。同时对源区崩滑土样进行室内小型水槽冲刷实验,研究其产沙特性,分析表明:一定流量的径流冲刷作用下,崩滑土体的产沙过程满足关系式y=a+bt-1+ct-2,土体的抗冲系数k与大于2 mm的砾石含量和小于0.005 mm的黏粒含量相关,呈现出分别随着二者含量的增加而先增大后减小的变化趋势。     

浸种和冷冻处理对7种多年生泥炭沼泽植物种子萌发的影响

为了探讨泥炭沼泽多年生植物种子萌发的阻碍因素,研究了浸水和冷冻处理对7种沼泽植物种子萌发的影响。结果表明,在4种处理下,败酱(Patrinia scabiosaefolia)种子都保持相对高的萌发率,小白花地榆(Sanguisorba parviflora)次之,而鳞苞针蔺(Trichophorum alpinum)种子却都未萌发;在浸水处理下,小星穗薹草(Carex angustior)、臌囊薹草(Carex schmidtii)和山梗菜(Lobelia sessilifolia)种子的萌发率和萌发速率都显著提高,说明浸水处理能促进沼泽植物种子的萌发。在浸水处理下,细花薹草(Carex tenuiflora)种子的萌发率最高,其次为小星穗薹草,臌囊薹草种子的萌发率最低。浸水冷冻处理和浸提液冷冻处理都显著降低了沼泽植物种子的萌发率、萌发速率,并显著延长了种子的初次萌发时间。种子在浸水后遭遇冷冻环境可能是北方泥炭沼泽植物种子天然更新的阻碍因素之一。     

New progress and problems of Quaternary moraine dating in the Tibetan Plateau

Since the 20th century, numerous Quaternary moraine dating methods have emerged, including lichenometric, moraine 14C, quartz sand thermoluminescence （TL）, electron spin resonance （ESR）, optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） and 10Be, 26A1, 36C1, 3H, 21Ne nuclide dating methods. These dating methods are widely applied to determine moraine ages and have provided a large dataset. Unfortunately each method has its defects. In this paper, we will review these various dating methods and provide some comments.     

琼东南盆地古近系沉降特征

在建立层序地层格架的基础上,对琼东南盆地古近系各个层位沉降史进行了回剥分析。研究表明,琼东南盆地古近系沉降中心不断迁移,沉积中心不断扩大,沉降速率随构造活动程度的变化而发生变化。琼东南盆地的12个凹陷可分为2个沉降梯队,西北及东南部总体上为非沉降区。通过选取各个凹陷中的典型点(最深位置)做出单点上的回剥模拟结果可知,琼东南盆地断陷期的3幕表现明显,构造沉降所占的比例逐渐减少,整体上琼东南盆地中央凹陷带东南区的沉降大于西北区。     

Combined effects of light intensity and NH^＋4-enrichment on growth,pigmentation, and photosynthetic performance of Ulva prolifera （Chlorophyta）

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of light intensity and enhanced nitrogen supply on the growth and photosynthesis of the green-tide macroalga, Ulva prolifera. Thalli of U. prolifera were grown in natural or NH 4 +-enriched seawater under two different light intensities for 7 days, and then the growth rate, pigmentation, and photosynthetic performance of the thalli were evaluated. The results show that the relative growth rate(RGR) was markedly higher under the high light level than under the low light level. Enrichment with NH 4 + enhanced the RGR under high light intensity, but did not affect RGR under low light intensity. In low light conditions, NH 4 +-enrichment resulted in a marked decrease in the maximal photosynthetic rate( P m) and the maximum carbon fixation rate( V max), but it did not affect the half saturation constant for carbon( K 0.5) or the ratio of V max to K 0.5, which reflects the carbon acquisition efficiency. In high light conditions, P m, K 0.5, and the dark respiration rate( R d) increased under NH 4 + enrichment, but V max and the V max / K 0.5 ratio decreased. Regardless of the light intensity, NH 4 +-enrichment did not affect the apparent photosynthetic efficiency( α), which refl ects the ability of the alga to use light energy at low light levels. Under both low and high light intensities, the chlorophyll a(Chl a), chlorophyll b(Chl b), and carotenoids(Car) contents in thalli were higher in NH 4 +-enriched than in natural seawater, except that there was a decrease in the Chl b content of thalli in NH 4 +-enriched seawater under low light intensity. Therefore, NH 4 + enrichment improved the growth and photosynthetic performance of U. prolifera under high light intensity, but not under low light intensity. We discuss the possible mechanisms underlying these physiological responses.     

亚心形四爿藻生长与温度、盐度关系的构建

采用面心立方设计(CCF)研究了温度(16~32℃)和盐度(15~55)对亚心形四爿藻生长的联合效应。结果表明,温度与盐度的一次、二次效应及互作效应对亚心形四爿藻比生长速率影响都极显著(P<0.01),温度对亚心形四爿藻比生长速率的影响大于盐度。响应曲面法分析结果表明,当温度和盐度同时升高时,亚心形四爿藻比生长速率呈先上升后下降的趋势。构建亚心形四爿藻比生长速率与温度、盐度间的模型方程,模型的决定系数为0.987 3,拟合度极高;预测决定系数为0.882 4,表明可用于预测亚心形四爿藻比生长速率的变化。通过模型优化及验证实验,在温度、盐度组合为26℃/33时,亚心形四爿藻比生长速率达到最大值。