北极冰区船舶安全航行过程风险动态仿真北大核心CSCD

近年来随着北极冰区航道的开辟与成功通航,船舶航行安全广受重视,因冰区通航条件对船舶交通安全影响因素特殊且变化大,有必要分析极地冰区船舶航行时航路过程中的风险。探讨低温、浮冰、高纬度等特殊属性对船舶极地冰区航行安全的影响,结合船舶交通风险的特点,提出北极冰区东北航道船舶航行风险状态概率转移的过程风险,构建北极冰区东北航道船舶航行过程风险模型。基于马尔科夫过程假设,建立基于马尔科夫链-蒙特卡洛方法的云仿真模型,利用该模型对北极冰区东北航道船舶航行进行时间连续的过程风险动态仿真。研究表明:夏季时期船舶在北极冰区东北航道航行过程风险整体上处于可通航状态,离散风险程度随时间而连续变化,总体呈现"M"型趋势,风险波动明显。     

南大洋酸化过程及其变化趋势研究进展

近30年的集成研究表明,南大洋吸碳能力从20世纪90年代开始出现明显的下降,但是这种减弱趋势在2002年后又开始转变为显著增强的趋势,展现出一种吸收大气中人为CO2更强的能力,这种态势伴随着南大洋的酸化进一步增强。观测表明,开阔大洋(45°S—50°S)在1991—2000年间的pH下降速率为每年0.0007,文石饱和度Ω文石以每年0.015的速率上升,而在2001—2011年间pH下降速率增大为每年0.0024,Ω文石转变为每年0.017的下降速率。在南大洋近岸海域,海洋酸化程度区域性差别很大,影响因素也更加复杂。例如,普里兹湾在1994—2010年pH和Ω文石分别下降了0.11和0.30,威德尔海在1978—2008年间的表层海水pH下降速率为每年0.0011,Ω文石下降速率为每年0.002。基于现场观测数据和遥感反演参数方法,从点线观测数据评估扩展到海区整体范围的南大洋酸化趋势评估取得了重要进展。而近期改进的模型模拟与观测结果比较在量级和更大尺度空间上都取得了较好的结果。本文对地球系统模型(ESM)预测的包括RCP 8.5等不同情境下的南大洋酸化趋势以及海洋酸化对南大洋生态系统的效应进行综合评述,结果表明到本世纪末南大洋大部分海域都将处于文石不饱和状态,预示着南大洋的酸化进展将会严重影响海洋生物地球化学变化和损坏整个南大洋的生态系统。因此,对南大洋开展海洋酸化过程、驱动机制和预测研究以及生态效应评估已严肃地摆在全人类的面前。     

厦门市土地利用多功能性评价及障碍因子诊断

土地多功能利用是土地资源可持续利用的必然要求,亦是经济社会可持续发展的必要保障。基于可持续发展的经济-环境-社会理念构建土地利用多功能评价指标体系,引入熵值-改进突变级数法,对2004—2016年厦门市土地利用多功能性进行综合评价,并采用障碍度模型对其障碍因子进行诊断。研究表明:(1)2004—2016年间,土地利用总功能由2004—2010年缓慢退化过渡到2010—2016年缓慢提升;各功能间的协调性呈先增后减的趋势演变;土地利用功能向多元化的态势发展。(2)经济和环境功能均经历了从缓慢退化进入缓慢提升阶段;社会功能保持着快速提升状态;三大单项功能均维持在中度持续水平。(3)农业生产功能出现持续退化;生态维持功能先升后降;资源供给功能、环境净化功能、社会保障功能先降后升;其他子功能均呈上升的趋势,但涨幅不一。(4)资源约束加剧和生态环境压力加大是当前影响土地利用总功能水平发挥的主要原因;都市现代农业发展格局的确立将为厦门市土地利用农业生产功能增添强劲动力。研究方法及结果可为土地利用多功能综合评价、问题研究和决策指导提供方法基础和科学依据。     

Ekman模型时间变化风应力系数的伴随参数估计

本文基于时间分布参数设置,利用伴随同化方法,反演了Ekman模型中随时间变化的风应力拖曳系数,并在孪生实验和实际实验中对该方法进行了验证。在孪生实验中,研究了参数反演结果对不同影响因素的响应,包括:风速分布、风应力系数分布、风应力系数初始猜测值、风应力系数独立变量个数、观测数据误差和观测的深度。孪生实验结果验证了伴随同化方法反演Ekman模型中时变风应力系数的有效性,具体包括如下五个方面结论:1)不同风速分布下均能成功反演出不同风应力拖曳系数分布; 2)反演结果对初始猜测值较为敏感,风应力系数初始猜测值越接近给定值,反演结果越好;3)风应力系数独立点个数的选取会显著影响反演结果,合理的选择有利于提高反演效率及减小观测数据误差;4)观测误差能够影响反演结果,观测数据误差在20%以下时能取得合理的反演结果; 5)反演结果对观测数据的表层和次表层流速更为敏感,这是由Ekman流的物理性质决定的。实际实验,利用百慕大锚系试验平台的风速和流速数据,去除周期性潮流和地转流成分后得到Ekman流成分,并作为观测输入到该同化模型,反演出了适用于该区域和该时段的随时间变化的风应力系数。通过比较模拟流速和观测流速,证明利用伴随同化方法能从实测数据中反演出合理的时变风应力系数,对于海洋模型风应力系数的确定是一项有益的尝试。     

岬湾海岸中人工岛建设对岬角涡旋及海湾地形冲淤的影响——以海南岛铺前湾为例

岬湾海岸中一般在岬角的右侧与左侧（面向大海方向）分别发育顺时针与逆时针涡流。这些涡流的存在对泥沙输运、海底地形演变、污染物扩散等都具有重要影响。而在海洋中岛屿的存在将产生局部的岛后尾流。如岛屿与岬角距离较近,岛后尾流可能与岬角涡旋相互作用,反之则相互影响较小。本文以海南岛铺前湾为例,研究在岬湾海岸中湾口处的人工岛建设对湾内涡旋的影响,并进一步分析人工岛建设对整个海湾海底冲淤变化的效应。本项研究主要采用COAWST模型进行研究。结果表明,大潮期在海湾内发育大范围的顺时针涡旋,小潮期涡旋发育不明显,以东向余流为主。人工岛建设并未影响整个海湾的涡旋结构,但人工岛分隔了湾内顺时针涡旋,且在周围产生局部的逆时针与顺时针涡旋。海底冲淤变化的基本格局为湾内以淤积为主,人工岛建设加强了这种趋势,但在人工岛与岸线之间的狭窄通道内,海底出现冲刷。本项研究对岬湾海岸的科学开发管理具有一定意义。     

渤、黄海生态环境模拟的参数敏感度空间差异分析

随着海洋生态系统模型的发展,生态变量增多,众多生物过程参数量值的确定成为制约生态环境模拟的瓶颈问题,生态系统结构区域性要求模型中的生态参数具有区域差异。为探究不同海区的关键参数及参数敏感度的空间差异,本研究在渤、黄海建立了ROMS-CoSiNE物理–生物耦合的高分辨率生态系统模型,并对13种生态参数的敏感度空间分布进行分析。结果表明:南黄海中部与渤海及近岸海域的敏感度差异较大。渤海敏感度最大的参数为决定光合速率的浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率,其次为浮游动物捕食半饱和常数和浮游动物最大捕食率。而南黄海中部敏感度最大的参数为浮游动物最大捕食率,其次为浮游植物死亡率和浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率。结合敏感度分布及浮游植物生物量收支得出,渤海水体透明度较南黄海偏低、浮游植物生长光限制较强,是引起浮游植物P-I曲线初始斜率敏感度在渤海高于黄海的主要原因。浮游动物最大捕食率及浮游植物死亡率的敏感度空间差异,受渤、黄海浮游植物生物量差异的影响,与生态系统中的高度非线性特征有关。     

海马齿浮床对富营养化海湾营养盐削减的模型评价：以东山湾八尺门养殖海域为例

Many coastal seas are severely eutrophic and required to reduce nutrient concentrations to meet a certain water quality standard. We proposed a method for nutrient removal by planting Sesuvium portulacastrum at the water surface using the floating beds in the aquaculture area of the Dongshan Bay as an example, which is an important net-cage culture base in China and where dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) reach 0.75 mg/L and 0.097 mg/L, respectively far exceeding China's Grade IV water quality standards.Numerical simulations were taken using the ecological model, field observations and field plantation experimental results to assess the environmental restoration effects of planting S. portulacastrum at some certain spatial scales. Our field experiments suggested that the herbs can absorb 377 g/m~2 nitrogen and 22.9 g/m~2 phosphorus in eight months with an inserting density of ～60 shoot/m~2. The numerical experiments show that the greater the plantation area is, the more nutrient removal. Plantation in ～12% of the study area could lower nutrients to the required Grade II standards, i.e., 0.2 mg/LDIN≤0.3 mg/L and 0.015 mg/LDIP≤0.03 mg/L.Here the phytoremediation method and results provide helpful references for environmental restoration in other eutrophic seas.     

渤海夏季环流的高分辨率海浪-潮汐-环流耦合模式研究

The Bohai Sea is a shallow semi-enclosed inner sea with an average depth of 18 m and is located at the west of the northern Yellow Sea. The climatological circulation pattern in summer of the Bohai Sea is studied by using a wave-tide-circulation coupled model. The simulated temperature and the circulation agree with the observation well. The result shows that the circulation pattern of the Bohai Sea is jointly influenced by the tidal residual current, wind and baroclinic current. There exists an obvious density current along the temperature front from the west part of the Liaodong Bay to the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary. In the Liaodong Bay there exists a clockwise gyre in the area north to the 40°N. While in the area south to the 40°N the circulation shows a two-gyre structure, the flow from the offshore area of the Huanghe Estuary to the Liaodong Bay splits into two branches in the area between 39°N and 40°N. The west branch turns into north-west and forms an anti-clockwise gyre with the south-westward density current off the west of the Liaodong Bay. The east branch turns to the east and forms a clockwise gyre with the flow along the east coast of the Liaodong Bay. The forming mechanism of the circulation is also discussed in this paper.     

西南印度洋中脊表层沉积物非碳酸盐组分的粒度特征及其地质意义

The carbonate-free fraction of 20 surface sediments collected from the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) was studied by grain size analysis and mineralogical analysis with X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The characteristics of the carbonate-free fraction of the sediments were obtained, and related influential factors were discussed. The results show that the mean grain size of this fraction is in 1.96Φ–8.19Φ, with poorly sorting and unimodal, bimodal or irregular bimodal distribution patterns. Four grain size end members of the fraction are derived with the End Member Model method. The finest end member EM1 shows a significant contribution of terrigenous materials of the aeolian input and sediment carried by the bottom current. End member EM2 with medium size mainly reflects sediment of a siliceous bioclast origin. EM3 and EM4 are interpreted as representing the coarser volcanic materials related to bedrock weathering or volcanic activities. Multi-provenance is the dominant factor controlling the grain size pattern of the carbonate-free fraction of the sediments in that area. In addition, sediment transport processes such as the bottom current and wind are the minor factors that influence the grain size distribution of the carbonate-free fraction sediments.     

黄渤海带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)渔业生物学参考点估计研究

It is important to find a reliable method to estimate maximum sustainable yield(MSY) or total allowable catch(TAC) for fishery management, especially when the data availability is limited which is a case in China. A recently developed method(CMSY) is a data-poor method, which requires only catch data, resilience and exploitation history at the first and final years of the catch data. CMSY was used in this study to estimate the biological reference points for Largehead hairtail(Trichiurus lepturus, Temminck and Schlegel) in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, based on the fishery data from China Fishery Statistical Year Books during 1986 to 2012. Additionally,Bayesian state-space Schaefer surplus production model(BSM) and the classical surplus production models(Schaefer and Fox) performed by software CEDA and ASPIC, were also projected in this study to compare with the performance of CMSY. The estimated MSYs from all models are about 19.7×104–27.0×104 t, while CMSY and BSM yielded more reasonable population parameter estimates(the intrinsic population growth rate and the carrying capacity). The biological reference points of B/BMSY smaller than 1.0, while F/FMSY higher than 1.0 revealed an over-exploitation of the fishery, indicating that more conservative management strategies are required for Largehead hairtail fishery.