试论矿山个体呼吸性粉尘监测问题

我国矿山测尘技术落后,粉尘危害十分严重。劳动部在矿山系统推行“个体呼吸性粉尘监测”新技术,用以取代“瞬时全尘监测”旧方法,进而达到“测尘引导防尘”的目的。试点实践证明．这种新技术采测手段先进,数据真实可靠,符合我国国情．易于推广应用;国产采样器性能稳定,可以满足采样要求;粉尘监测体系梯级设置已具雏形,渐趋完善;各项监测管理标准已由劳动部制定、发布。因此,全面实施个体呼吸性粉尘监测的条件已臻成熟,短期内可以实现对测尘技术进行重大变革的目标。     

五号桩海区悬移质输运量的计算

It’s very important to study the transportation of suspended matter for the coats engineering. We have to understand the quantity and direction of the movement of suspended matter for studying the change of coast and deposit of sediment on the sea bed. For this porpose we have measured the currents and the quantity of suspended matter near the section B in different seasons since 1983.According to data and calculation, we’ve got the following conclusions: 1) The quantity of suspended matter transported by tidal current through the section B is about 19.6 million tons each year, but the transportation, quantity is the same in both direction of flood tide and ebb tide. 2) The quantity of suspended matter removed by residual current is about 8.57 million tons each year, the direction of tran.spotation points to north‘west. 3) The transportation quantity of suspended matter due to the winddriven current in. storm weather is about 0.95 million, tons each year,the direction of transportation points to south.     

青岛市环胶州湾各河流输沙特征分析

通过对青岛市环胶州湾各河流上的水文站历年含沙量、输沙量资料分析计算,推求出各河流的入海输沙量,并对输沙特征进行分析评价,最后得出以下以下结论:(1)从空间分布来看,胶州湾河流输沙主要来自胶州湾西北部和东北部。(2)河流属中沙河流。河道上游多年平均含沙量和输沙模数均大于河道中下游。(3)输沙量年际变化较大,最大年输沙量是最小年输沙量的518.7倍,且年降水量较大时,年入海水量也较大,年输沙量也较大。(4)河流悬移质颗粒特征为河流从源头到河口,泥沙粒径是不断减小。     

Suspended sediment load in the turbidity maximum zone at the Yangtze River Estuary:The trends and causes简

Based on the analysis of suspended sediment elements at estuaries, influence of human activities and estuarine regulation projects on the turbidity maximum zone was studied according to the measurement data between 1959 and 2011. It was found that human activi- ties had little effect on the seaward water while the sharp decrease of sediment volume and concentration in runoff led to the sharp decrease of turbidity maximum zone in the estuary. The concentration at outside sea and Hangzhou Bay did not change, and that along the Subei coast also decreased a little, which had no influence on the turbidity maximum zone. Com- pared with the concentration between 1959 and 1999, the peak of concentration moved up- stream in the estuary, and the concentration in 2000-2009 decreased by about 24.73% with a narrower variation range along the river to the sea. The suspended sediment concentration in North Passage was low in upstream and downstream because of the decrease of seaward sediment and coarsening of bed material, while it was relatively high in the middle due to the influence of sediment cross the north jetty.     

黄河宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量时空变化及其影响因素

通过对黄河宁蒙河段6个水文站1952~2003年间的实测悬移质泥沙资料,运用输沙平衡方法,对划分的5个时段和5个区段的悬沙冲淤量进行了计算分析,探讨宁蒙河段悬沙冲淤量的时空变化规律。黄河上游无大型水库的1952~1959年间和水库建成坝下河道充分调整后的1994~2003年间,宁蒙河段强烈淤积,年均悬沙淤积量分别为0.9588亿t/a和0.9503亿t/a;而期间的三个时段,年均悬沙分别为净侵蚀0.6127亿t/a、微淤0.0161亿t/a和较强淤积0.7475亿t/a。年均悬沙淤积量在宁蒙河段为0.345亿t/a;在宁夏河段为0.076亿t/a,其中下沿河~青铜峡区段微淤,青铜峡~石嘴山区段冲淤平衡;在内蒙古河段总和为0.269亿t/a,石嘴山~巴彦高乐、巴彦高乐~三湖河口、三湖河口~头道拐三个区段分别为0.0084亿t/a、0.113亿t/a和0.147亿t/a,沿程增大。悬沙淤积量的时间变化主要受到区间支流来沙量变化和水库建设的双重影响,而空间变化主要受到青铜峡水库拦沙以及刘家峡、龙羊峡水库消减洪峰的影响。黄河宁蒙河段处于构造沉降区,淤积是总趋势,人类活动可以引起个别时段、区段发生侵蚀,但无法改变其沉积的总趋势。     

An integrated suspended sediment transport monitoring and analysis concept

A new integrated suspended sediment monitoring strategy applying direct and indirect technologies is presented.Optical sensors continuously record the turbidity at one point in the channel cross section close to the river bank and are calibrated by water samples taken close to the sensor.Additionally measurements are performed to establish the distribution of suspended sediment in a cross section（bottle samples combined with acoustic devices）.Using correction factors（probe and cross-sectional factor） these monitoring methods are combined and it is,thus,possible to fully document the temporal and spatial variability of the suspended sediment transport and to estimate the suspended sediment load for certain time periods.This monitoring strategy was implemented at various measurement sites in Austria as well as at the Hainburg Road Bridge site on the Danube River.It has already been successfully applied for three years at this measurement site and suspended sediment loads during high discharges up to a 15 year flood event have been monitored.To evaluate the new monitoring methods the results were compared with load estimation methods found in the literature including averaging and ratio estimators as well as rating curves.The results prove that with the new methodology,the temporal variability of the suspended sediment transport can be detected more accurately compared with the other methods.They also demonstrate that the additional consideration of the spatial distribution of the suspended sediment concentration in the cross section is crucial as the mean concentration in the cross section can significantly exceed the concentration near the banks,especially at large rivers like the Danube River.     

利用山区小水库率定推沙采样器效率的可行性

本文详细论述了利用山区小水库作为拦沙地，率定原型推沙采样器效率系数的全过程。在一定时期内，用地形测量方法，测量水库泥沙淤积体积，淤积物平均颗粒级配等，计算出水库推沙淤积量。     

玛纳斯河泥沙特征概述

本文通过玛纳斯河的泥沙资料，分析了玛纳斯河泥沙的一般特性，并对玛纳斯河红山嘴水文站县移质泥沙和推移质泥沙与其它水文要素之间的关系作了论证。     

RY—86型溶解氧采样器

一、前言在水质监测中,保证采集的样品具有代表性是水质监测重要环节之一,而样品的代表性则取决于采样技术和样品的保存。根据有关部门提出的课题,我们自1984年着手研制RY-86型溶解氧采样器,1986年9月通过由水电部水