金沉淀的一个可能机理——歧化反应

实验结果指出,在温度小于200℃的本实验条件下,金的溶解种类主要是AuCl_2~-和AuCl_4~-,AuCl_2~-.和AuCl_4~-的关系可用歧化反应式表示为3AuCl_2~-=2Au(s) AuCl_4~- 2Cl~-高的AuCl_2~-浓度有利于(1)式向右进行,logK_1随温度的升高而降低,讨论了通过歧化反应机理形成金矿床的可能性.     

西太平洋“暖池”区沉积物中的细菌类群及其与环境的关系

提取西太平洋“暖池”区海底沉积物柱状样不同层次样品的总DNA, 构建沉积物中的细菌16S rDNA克隆文库, 通过PCR-RFLP分析与序列测定, 对沉积物中的细菌类群及其与环境的关系进行了分析. 结果表明, 该海区沉积物中的细菌分别属于8个主要类群, 其中紫细菌(Proteobacteria)的γ-亚群为各个层次中的优势菌群, 而科尔韦尔氏菌属(Colwellia)为优势种属; α-亚群也均有分布; 而β-亚群分布很少. 不同深度之间细菌类群的区别主要在于δ-, ε-紫细菌亚群和CFB类群(Cytophaga／Flexibacteria／Bacteroides), 它们在沉积物中的分布均呈现随深度增加而减少的趋势. 系统发育分析表明, 在各个深度沉积物中各有18%~30%的细菌与甲烷代谢相关, 15%~25%的细菌与硫代谢相关, 说明甲烷代谢和硫代谢在该海区的深海物质能量循环中占据着重要地位.     

填埋场粘性土防渗层中强化微生物对垃圾污染物的净化作用

如何铺设价廉物关的防渗层,又不需对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,达到环保效果好、成本低的目的,是填埋场防渗衬垫铺设所追求的,但由于科学理论及技术条件的限制,这个目的一直没有达到。通过添加营养菌液强化厌氧微生物对污染物的净化作用,在实验室用土柱进行模拟实验及天然的土柱淋滤净化对比实验,研究了粘性土垫层土中添加营养菌液后,厌氧微生物对垃圾污染物的净化能力的变化,得出了加入厌氧微生物菌液后,可显著地提高微生物在土中对垃圾污染物的净化能力的结论。这为开发价廉物美的垃圾场防渗衬垫打开了思路,为有污染问题的垃圾场提供了一种用微生物治理的方法。     

Biomarkers in the Molar Tooth （MT）-Bearing Limestones in the Jilin-Liaoning Area of China

The origin of Molar Tooth (MT) carbonates has been argued for more than 100 years, which are a kind of Proterozoic carbonates especially composed of microsparite with ptygmatically folded and sheet-like structures. Biomarkers detected in the microcalcsparite from the Wanlong and Xingmincun formations in the Jilin-Liaoning area showed there are abundant normal alkanes, isoprenoids, hopanes, steranes, alkylmethylcyclohexanes, and alkyleyclohexanes, indicating a diversity of biological source: long-chain isoprenoids, the major components of chlorophyll, such as C19, C20, a kind of major biomarkers synthesized early by isoprenoid monomers; hopanes a type of characteristic biomarkers from prokaryote, such as archaebacteria and cyanobacteria; sterane a biomarker for eukaryote; and two kinds of alkanes with C17, C18 as the main peaks representing aquatic bacteria and with C23, C24 as the main peaks representing fungi, respectively. Biomarker analysis showed that MT is the result of bacterial and algal activities, which is a kind of organisms between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, reproducing well in normal or slightly saline sea water under weak oxidation-reduction conditions, resulting in rapid deposition of calcite as microsparite clue to some mechanisms.     

苏干湖沉积碳酸盐稳定同位素古气候意义的初步研究

苏干湖盆地是嵌套在柴达木盆地中的一个封闭盆地。苏干湖是盆地地表水和地下水的汇集中心,也是地下水的循环基准面,由源自小苏干湖的苏干河及其以南的天鹅河、绿草河与水鸭子河补给,这些河流均为地下水出渗形成的河流,具有较低的矿化度;湖水面积103.68km²,平均矿化度31.83g/L,现代湖水为ClSO₄NaMg型。盆地地势东高西低,平均海拔高度3000m;盆地西部多年平均降水量为18.7mm,蒸发量为2967.2mm,属于极端干旱区;苏干湖地区年平均气温为0～3℃;盆地植被稀少,盆地东部山麓地带、中部努呼图一带以及地下水出渗的湖泊东部小苏干湖     

公厕使用循环水吨水可用“一辈子”

上海卢湾区研制出一种新型环保水循环公共厕所。这种厕所地下埋着3个大池子,池子里有微生物对粪便,尿液进行厌氧处理、耗氧处理、“MEDIA”处理。经处理后的水,可以达到国家环保总局规定的冲厕用水标准。这种中型公厕一年可以节水750 0吨,系统里的1吨水可以循环使用“一辈子”。公厕使用循环水吨水可用“一辈子”$西安地矿所@李辉     

桂林中、晚泥盆世微生物碳酸盐沉积、礁和丘及层序地层、古环境和古气候的意义

钙质碳酸盐的微生物沉淀作用从太古代开始一直在碳酸盐台地的发育中起到了至关重要的作用. 微生物碳酸盐在重大的环境变化中(包括台地环境的海侵事件和生物绝灭后的复苏阶段)是碳酸盐沉积体的重要贡献者; 在层序地层不同体系域中有不同的微生物形成的碳酸盐沉积.桂林晚泥盆世法门期碳酸盐台地中的生物礁和丘完全由微生物和胶结物形成, 代表了弗拉-法门期生物事件后骨骼后生生物完全缺失的礁生态系中微生物为主的、独特的生物礁类型; 它们与特定的古环境和古气候有关, 可以用作研究环境变化和生物事件的指标.     

Microorganisms in Lianxian lateritic gold deposit in Guangdong and their effects on leaching of heavy metals

Microorganisms in the lateritic profiles of the Lianxian gold deposit in Guangdong were cultured, isolated and identified. The microorganisms include bacteria such as Bacillus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, Actinetobacter, Aeromona, Listeria, Agrobacteriura, Cotyttebacteriurn, and Moraxella, fungi such as Penicillium, Alter naria, Cladosporium, Saccharcornyces, Mucor, and the chemoautotrophic Thiobacillu.~. It is shown in a leaching experiment that the microorganisms can accelerate the leaching of Cu, Cd, Zn, and that the G- bacteria are most efficient for leaching Cu, Zn and the G^ bacteria are better for leaching Cd.     

Biomineralization of Uranium: A Simulated Experiment and Its Significance

A simulated experimental reduction of U^v1 and the synthesis of uraninite by a sulfate-reducing bacteria,Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642, are first reported. The simulated physicochemical experimental conditions were:35℃, pH=7.0-7.4, corresponding to the environments of formation of the sandstone-hosted interlayer oxidation-zone type uranium deposits in Xinjiang, NW China. Uraninite was formed on the surface of the host bacteria after a one-week‘s incubation. Therefore, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which existed extensively in Jurassic sandstone-producing environments,might have participated in the biomineralization of this uranium deposit. There is an important difference in the orderdisorder of the crystalline structure between the uraninite produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and naturally occurring uraninite. Long time and slow precipitation and growth of uraninite in the geological environment might have resulted in larger uraninite crystals, with uraninite nanocrystals arranged in order, whereas the experimentally produced uraninite is composed of unordered uraninite nanocrystals which, in contrast, result from the short time span of formation and rapid precipitation and growth of uraninite. The discovery has important implications for understanding genetic significance in mineralogy, and also indicates that in-situ bioremediation of U-contaminated environments and use of biotechnology in the treatment of radioactive liquid waste is being contemplated.     

微生物技术在地质找矿和矿石冶炼中的应用现状及展望

评述了微生物技术在地质找矿和矿石冶炼中的研究和应用现状,并结合现代分子生物学的研究进展,着重对核苷酸序列分析、基因探针、DNA重组技术等有望在地质学中进一步应用的分子生物学技术进行了论述,展望了利用微生物的分子鉴定技术和基因探针技术寻找隐伏矿床、利用原生质体融合技术和基因工程创建高效工程菌用于矿石冶炼等方面的应用前景.