黄东海表层沉积物中磷的赋存形态和分布特征及其对生态系统的潜在影响

For better understanding the phosphorus(P) cycle and its impacts on one of the most important fishing grounds and pressures on the marine ecosystem in the Yellow Sea(YS) and East China Sea(ECS), it is essential to distinguish the contents of different P speciation in sediments and have the knowledge of its distribution and bioavailability. In this study, the modified SEDEX procedure was employed to quantify the different forms of P in sediments. The contents of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments were 0.20–0.89 μmol/g for exchangeable-P(Exch-P), 0.37–2.86 μmol/g for Fe-bound P(Fe-P), 0.61–3.07 μmol/g for authigenic Ca-P(ACa-P), 6.39–13.73μmol/g for detrital-P(DAP) and 0.54–10.06 μmol/g for organic P(OP). The distribution of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP seemed to be similar. The concentrations of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP were slightly higher in the Yellow Sea than that in the East China Sea, and low concentrations could be observed in the middle part of the ECS and southwest off Cheju Island. The distribution of ACa-P was different from those of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP. DAP was the major fraction of sedimentary P in the research region. The sum of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP may be thought to be potentially bioavailable P in the research region. The percentage of bioavailable P in TP ranged from 13% to 61%. Bioavailable P burial flux that appeared regional differences was affected by sedimentation rates, porosity and bioavailable P content, and the distribution of bioavailable P burial flux were almost the same as that of TP burial flux.     

中国乡村聚落用地形态的地域分异特征研究

乡村聚落用地形态是农村人居空间组织形式的综合外在体现,是揭示乡村地域特色的重要指标。以全国乡村聚落的土地利用数据为基础,运用热点探测、近圆形指数、邻接指数等地理空间分析方法,从用地规模、用地形状、用地结构三个方面对全国乡村聚落用地形态特征进行识别。结果表明,中国乡村聚落用地规模中位数为9.52 hm2,整体呈“北大南小”的特征,并在局部地区呈现明显的高、低值集聚态势;在用地形状方面,乡村聚落用地近圆形指数中位数为0.537,总体上偏长形,各种形状类型在全国均有分布,且呈现出在局部区域显著集聚的现象;用地结构可分为七大类,又以田中型、林边型、滨水型和草边型最多。根据用地形态特征的地域分异格局划分出16个乡村聚落用地形态类型分区,绘制了乡村聚落用地形态类型图谱,并总结出各类型区的用地形态特征。最后探讨了中国乡村聚落用地形态特征的空间分异机制,包括：(1)地形地貌、水文条件、气候条件等自然地理环境决定了聚落用地形态地域分异的宏观格局;(2)农业、水利、交通运输等生产生活方式的地域差异对聚落用地形态特色的形成具有重要影响;(3)街巷、民居等物质空间形态与聚落整体的用地形态存在显著的相互作用;(...     

西藏鄂雅错盐湖砷和汞的分布特征研究

本研究对西藏鄂雅错盐湖和主要支流中不同形态的砷(亚砷酸盐As(Ⅲ)、砷酸盐As(Ⅴ)、一甲基砷酸MMA、二甲基砷酸DMA)和总汞(THg)含量进行了测定,并与主要水质参数进行相关性分析研究,结果表明鄂雅错盐湖As主要以As(Ⅴ)形态存在,其次分别为As(Ⅲ)、DMA和MMA,其中无机砷的含量明显大于有机砷。相比较其他砷的形态,盐湖中As(Ⅲ)与主要水质参数的相关性显著,与总溶解性固体(TDS)、总溶解态氮(DTN)呈显著的强正相关性,与水温、溶解氧 (DO)、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH呈显著负相关性。总汞浓度较低,且与主要水质参数相关性不显著。通过风险评价发现鄂雅错湖水中砷存在一定的致癌健康风险,汞不存在风险。本研究丰富了西藏盐湖和支流水体中砷、汞分布特征及其环境影响因素的认识,对于环境保护具有一定的意义。     

青海省锡铁山铅锌矿成矿元素物质场结构及深部找矿潜力

青海省柴达木盆地北缘锡铁山铅锌矿是我国大型的喷流沉积型(SEDEX)矿床,赋矿围岩主要是大理岩和片岩,浅部主要为大理岩型矿体,深部主要为片岩型矿体.系统描述了不同矿石类型中铅锌矿体与黄铁矿的空间共生关系、矿体空间形态三维变化规律;利用局部奇异性分析方法、相关性分析方法对矿区Pb、Zn、Ag、Au等成矿元素物质场结构特征...     

大型金属矿山不同环境介质中重金属元素化学形态分布特征——以甘肃金昌市和白银市为例

重金属元素在环境介质中的存在形态及各形态比例是决定其迁移性和生物可利用性的重要因素.采用BCR法连续提取过程对大型金属矿山周围土壤和水体沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn化学形态的分析结果表明,土壤和水体沉积物中不同重金属元素化学形态分布有很大差异.总体而言,Cd以弱酸提取态为主(约占60%),Cr以残渣态为主,占90%以上,Cu以可氧化态为主(约占60%),Ni和Pb以可还原态为主,分别约占50%和60%,Zn以残渣态为主,约占45%.不同区域土壤中重金属元素各形态质量分数之和依次为厂区外围>尾矿坝旁>农田,各形态分布也与总量具有相似的变化趋势.金昌市矿山环境介质中重金属以Cu和Ni为主,白银市以Cd、Cu和Pb为主,重金属元素的生物可利用态和潜在可利用态质量分数高,平均约占各金属,总量的60%～90%,对周围环境具有很大的潜在生态危害性.     

土壤重金属(镉、铅、铜)化学形态的地理分异研究*

文章以我国9种主要类型土壤和同一地域的棕壤和四种褐土亚类以及红壤带中的非地带性土壤,如酸、中、石灰性紫色土,探讨了在不同自然地理条件下的土壤中,重金属Cd、Pb、Cu形态赋存状态及形态的分异特征,如土壤Pb的水溶态、交换态和弱结合态的相对百分含量随土壤地理带的分布,具南高北低、东高西低的分异规律。而同一地域各亚类的土壤间差异相对较微小。也探讨了土壤性质,如pH值、有机质与土壤重金属形态区域分异的关系,从而揭示了土壤重金属Pb等元素的形态在南北和东西方向土壤序列中的区域性分异规律。     

防波堤损坏特点与其成因的关系

利用日本《被灾防波堤集览》、葡萄牙锡尼斯防波堤、日本六小河原港防波堤、中国大连渔港、台湾基隆港等61件典型损坏案例及其它参考文献所涉及的140余件案例,讨论了防波堤损坏平面形态与断面部位的特征。根据防波堤损坏特点,从波浪水动力学特性、结构、地基和施工多方面分析了损坏原因与损坏特性之间的关系,从而深化对防波堤工作机理的认识。     

1966年以来华北地区一系列七级大震破裂过程的数值模拟

用非连续变形分析方法(DDA+FEM)数值模拟，在华北地区各地块相互制约的块体系统环境中，地块边界断层上发生1966年邢台地震、 1969年渤海地震、 1975年海城地震、 1976年唐山地震等不同类型破裂模式大震的破裂过程. 数值模拟结果给出每个大震释放的主应力场，最大剪应力变化等值线图，地震前后位移变化矢量图，发震断层滑移随时间变化以及走滑错距和应力降等震源参数. 这些结果与地震的震源机制，用地震波资料研究得到的震源参数,宏观等震线,地表观测的水平位移矢量图基本一致. 其中1969年渤海地震正交破裂模式的结果与宏观等震线及小震分布图像更接近. 1976年唐山地震复杂震源模式与该震早期余震分布图像更相符. 表明用DDA+FEM方法进行数值模拟研究，能较好地模拟地震破裂过程.     

滇西沘江流域水体中重金属元素的地球化学特征

通过测定流经兰坪金顸铅锌矿区的沘江水体中Pb、Zn、Cd、As的含量和底泥中重金属元素的化学形态的含量,分析了重金属元素的分布和化学形态的变化。结果表明,沘江水遭到了Cd污染,底泥已经成为重金属元素的蓄积库,以国家土壤环境质量标准（Ⅲ级）衡量,Pb、Zn、Cd和舡分别超标3．4倍、15．8倍、106倍和2．6倍。沘江水中重金属元素含量的峰值在矿山附近的下游,而底泥中重金属元素的峰值在矿山下游30-50km的地方,矿业活动、水流变缓、pH等水体环境条件的变化都能影响水和底泥中重金属元素的含量。底泥中的Pb以碳酸盐结合态为主,Zn和Cd以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,而As以残渣态为主。Pb、Cd、Zn三种元素的环境有效态含量比较高,对沘江流域生态环境具有潜在的巨大的危害。     

中国九龙江河口营养盐基准值研究

One of the key concerns in estuarine and coastal environments is eutrophication, which is known to be closely connected to nutrient enrichment. To control and improve surface water quality, nutrient criteria are recommended in order to provide reference conditions for the environment. However, the current datasets of nutrient criteria in China are either designed for surface water or sea water, and as such these are not suitable for assessing estuarine water quality, especially given the unique ecosystem and dynamic properties of estuaries. To address this issue in current estuarine water management, nutrient criteria have been developed for a local estuary in the southeast of China. Segmentation of the Jiulong River Estuary, China was firstly analysed through field investigations carried out during 2013–2014, which resulted in the delineation of three segments characterized by their distinct properties in relation to salinity, hydrology, ecosystems, etc. Historical records from 1997 to 2014 were then analysed using statistical modelling to develop candidate nutrient criteria for the estuary.This stage of the analysis was undertaken in combination with the study of nutrient status records from the 1980s,which were used to establish a baseline reference condition. The recommended criteria values of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) in Segments Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ of the Jiulong River Estuary are 64, 21 and 14 μmol/L,respectively, and the corresponding values for soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) are 0.89, 0.76 and 0.89 μmol/L,respectively. It should be emphasised that these values are site-dependent, and that different results may be achieved at other locations depending on the physical and biogeochemical characteristics of an estuary, or even a single site within a catchment. It is hoped that by demonstrating a possible methodological approach and methods of nutrient criteria derivation in the Jiulong River Estuary, the current study will offer researchers some fundamental basis from which to begin to develop more complete nutrient criteria indices for the study of nutrient conditions in other estuaries throughout China.