平流层30 hPa月平均高度场的气候特征

采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法对NCEP／NCAR全球再分析资料中1958—1997年共40年,30hPa月平均高度和月平均风场进行了分析,讨论了40年平流层的主要特征向量和相应时间系数的变化特征,发现高度场的EOF第一模态具有很好的空间整体性和明显的季节变化。在平流层中,北半球冬季为一较大的环极冷低压,夏季为一以整个半球为规模的环极暖高压。并以1月和7月代表冬、夏季,选取1月和7月的40年资料作为时间序列,用EOF分析了冬、夏季不同的空问振荡型的特征,运用小波分析方法考察了其年际及年代际变化周期。并据此定义了不同的振荡型指数,为以后分析平流层要素场与气候变化的关系奠定了基础。     

Stratospheric Temperature Changes and Ozone Recovery in the 21st Century

Increasing greenhouse gases and likely ozone recovery will be the two most important factors influencing changes in stratospheric temperatures in the 21st century. The radiative effect of increasing greenhouse gases will cause cooling in the stratosphere, while ozone recovery will lead to stratospheric warming. To investigate how stratospheric temperatures change under the two opposite forcings in the 21st century, we use observed ozone and reanalysis data as well as simulation results from four coupled oceanic and atmo- spheric general circulation models （GISS-ER, GFDL-CM20, NCAR-CCSM3, and UKMO-HadCM3） used in the IPCC （Intergovernment Panel for Climate Change） Fourth Assessment Report （AR4）. Observational analysis shows that total column ozone and lower stratospheric temperatures all show increasing in the past 10 years, while middle stratospheric temperatures demonstrate cooling. IPCC AR4 simulations show that greenhouse forcing alone will lead to stratospheric cooling. However, with forcing of both increasing greenhouse gases and ozone recovery, the middle stratosphere will be cooled, while the lower stratosphere will be warmed. Warming magnitudes vary from one model to another. UKMO-HadCM3 generates relatively strong warming for all three greenhouse scenarios, and warming extends to 40 hPa. GFDL-CM20 and NCAR-CCSM3 produce weak warming, and warming mainly exists at lower levels, below about 60 hPa. In addition, we also discuss the effect of temperature changes on ozone recovery.     

基于新型往返式探空观测的下平流层重力波特征分析

利用2018年6月9日—7月10日安庆、长沙、赣州、南昌、宜昌、武汉6个探空站的往返式探空观测试验数据,研究分析了重力波参数(能量密度、固有频率、波长及传播方向),统计了试验地区6—7月的重力波特征,比较了各站之间以及上升与下降段之间重力波的差异.主要结果如下:(1)该区域重力波动能分布在0.2—1.2 J/m3,平均...     

Study on the Trace Species in the Stratosphere and Their Impact on Climate

The trace gases （O3, HCl, CH4, H2O, NO, NO2） in the stratosphere play an important role, not only in the photochemical processes in which the ozone layer destroyed, but also in the radiative processes. In this paper, we review the works on the distribution and variation of the trace gases in the stratosphere and their impact on climate, which have been carried out at the University of Science and Technology of China in the recent 20 years. The Halogen Occultation Experiment （HALOE） data were used to analyse the distribution and variation of the mixing ratio of these trace gases and the temperature trends in the stratosphere in the most recent decade. And the reanalyzed National Centers of Environmental Prediction （NCEP）/NCAR data were also used to give the temperature trends and compared with the results from HALOE data. Numerical simulations were also carried out to study the impact of ozone depletion on the global climate. In this review, the distributions of the trace gases, especially those over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, are discussed, and the variations and trends for the trace gases in various levels in the stratosphere have been given for the most recent decade. The temperature variation and the cooling trend obtained from HALOE data in the middle and lower stratosphere for the last 13 years are significant, which agree well with the results from NCEP/NCAR data. While the temperature trend in the upper stratosphere in this period do not seem to have much cooling. The numerical simulations show that either the Antarctic ozone hole or the ozone valley over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau affect not only the temperature and circulation in the stratosphere, but also the temperature, pressure and wind fields in the troposphere, then lead to the global climate change.     

北半球极区平流层冬季12月与1—2月气候变化形势的对比

根据1980—2000年ERA-Interim再分析的风场和温度场资料,计算12月与1—2月北半球行星波的EP通量及其散度,并按冬季不同月份分析了平流层整层温度和风场从20世纪80年代到90年代变化的特征及其与行星波活动变化的关系。结果表明,12月高纬度地区中低平流层呈增温趋势;而1—2月温度变化呈冷却趋势。在12月中高纬度中上平流层纬向风明显减速;而在1—2月高纬度中高平流层,随着纬度和高度的增加,纬向风呈明显加速趋势。冬季北半球行星波主要沿低纬度和极地波导两支波导向上传播。但是,12月行星波沿低纬度波导的传播减弱,沿极地波导向平流层整层的传播则明显增强。而1—2月行星波沿低纬度波导的传播明显增强,沿极地波导向平流层的传播则减弱。因此,北半球极区平流层1980—2000年间12月与1—2月波流相互作用的年代际变化形势趋于相反,有必要针对冬季不同月份分开进行讨论。     

平流层环流异常对2008年1月雪灾过程的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日的再分析资料统计了1951年以来南方发生大雪时的环流特征,对2008年1月中国南方地区发生的大范围雪灾天气过程的环流背景进行了分析,并且通过对比分别分析了平流层环流和对流层环流的平均特征和演变过程。结果发现,南方冬季大雪都是发生在500 hPa距平场分布呈现北高南低的形势下,并且平流层极涡位置都偏向亚洲且极涡强度偏强。2008年的雪灾期间对流层和平流层的形势都和过去7个大雪年（1955、1956、1957、1977、1984、1989和1993年）合成形势相似。2007年12月初平流层极涡开始偏离极地并发生变形,中心偏向欧亚大陆,且向亚洲和北美伸出两个槽。这种异常一直持续到2008年1月中旬,并且有向下传的趋势,使得对流层2008年1月东亚大槽位置偏东,主体北部偏强,从而为1月的雪灾天气提供了有利的环流背景。因此在本研究结果的基础上进行系统的研究,有望将平流层位相的超前信号作为对流层异常天气过程预报的一个先行指标,对提高对流层异常天气预报的时限具有重要意义。     

向平流层注入硫化物以应对全球变暖可能会损害臭氧层

向平流层注入硫化物粒子以抵消全球增暖的想法曾引起许多讨论。新的研究表明,该做法可能会对保护地球的臭氧层产生重大影响,延缓南极臭氧洞的恢复,并引起北极臭氧严重损失。该研究由NCAR的Simone Tilmes主持,发表在2008年4月24日的Science Express上。文章指出,对地球实施人工降温的尝试可能会带来危险的副作用,虽然气候变化对人类是重大威胁,但是在实施全球性的地球工程行动（global geoengineering solution）之前,有必要进行更深入的研究。     

拉萨和南京大气层下部的气候变化及其与环境因子的联系

利用１９５８－１９９５年拉萨,南京地区地面至３０ｈＰａ标准等压面上月平均气温资料,研究了青藏高原主体东部的拉萨地区上空若干气候特征以及月,季,年平均气候变率随高度分布特点,并与同纬带长江三角洲的南京地区作了比较。     

Cross-Tropopause Mass Exchange Associated with a Tropopause Fold Event over the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau

A springtime tropopause fold event, found to be related to a cold trough intrusion from the north, was detected in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) based on various observations. A nested high-resolution mesoscale model was employed to investigate the effect of orography on the stratosphere-troposphere exchange. The model was found to be able to capture plausible tropopause fold properties. The propagation of the tropopause fold changed significantly when the terrain height in the model was altered. Ho...