Analyses of the long-term salinity variability in the Bohai Sea and the northern Huanghai(Yellow) Sea

Based on the comprehensive collection of the field observed salinity of the Bohai Sea (BHS) and the northern Huanghai Sea (NHS) from the 1950s to the present,the patterns of 10-years-averaged salinity at the different layers in the recent five decades (the 1950s,the 1960s,the 1970s,the 1980s and the 1990s) are obtained by the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with the scrupulous data quality control in this study.Then,by combining the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with successive correction method,the annual distributions of salinity both in the BHS and in the NHS are obtained as well.The data analyses indicate that the overall salinity in the BHS and the NHS increases from the 1960s till the present,with the increase of annual mean salinity of 0.04 psu from the 1950s,and the maximum increase rate of salinity is about 0.14 psu/a in the Bohai Bay.The high salinity tongue extended significantly from the NHS into the BHS.The intensified eastern wind field is related to the western intrusion of the NHS warm current,which probably leads to the moving forward of the high salinity water mass into the BHS.However,it is rather different from the salinity distribution characteristics between the 1950s and the 1960s.The extensive precipitation in the 1960s could lead to an increase in the discharge of the Huanghe River,which might result in the decrease of salinity in the BHS.But the salinity isoline of 32 in the NHS still extended significantly into the BHS in the 1960s.Since the 1980s,the patterns of salinity distribution have changed thoroughly.The salinity in the central area of the BHS was low,while the salinity in the Bohai Bay and the Liaodong Bay was higher than the other regions with its horizontal salinity gradient decreasing in the 1980s.The Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis (EOF) is also conducted to study the interannual salinity variability of the BHS and the NHS.The correlation coefficient between the time coefficient series of the main mode and the Huanghe River discharge can reach -64.57%.It can be concluded that salinity variation of the BHS and the NHS has strong negative correlation with the Huanghe River discharge.     

船体可靠性评估

为了研究不同结构船体的寿命和使用时可靠度的关系,提出了一种基于试验的可靠度估计方法.针对不同结构船体寿命服从Weibull分布,在无失效数据情形下、置信度至少为γ和寿命为t时,根据船体寿命试验数据,给出了可靠度的单侧置信下限.该方法是在Weibull分布形状参数下限已知的情况下,能将所有的无失效寿命数据进行累加,大大提高了可靠性分析的精度.最后,对钢结构、钛合金结构、铝合金结构的船体,在寿命为t月、置信度至少为γ时,计算了3种结构船体的可靠度单侧置信下限.结果表明该方法易于计算,便于工程应用.     

船载物探电子设备的接地问题及解决方案

船栽物探电子设备,是一个电气结合复杂的数据采集记录系统.各系统电子线路因船舶配电方式、工作环境的特殊性,其接地很重要,但容易被忽视.而接地处理不当,在使用时会受到噪声干扰、振荡;或造成仪器的输出榆入电路损坏,不能正常工作.更严重地甚至机壳漏电,危及人身安全.船栽物探电子设备接地问题.可分为"接地保护"和"接地故障"."接地保护"是将电气设备的金属外壳、支架和电缆的护套与大地等单位的金属船体(船壳)作永久性良好的电气连接,它分为保护接地和功能接地."接地故障"是指因设备不正确接地或由于绝缘层的破损、老化及环境恶劣引起绝缘电阻低下或者接地干扰等问题.文中从船载物探电子设备的使用特性出发.讨论在实际接地处理中出现问题的原因,分析了各种接地干扰的原理.并提出了相应的解决方案,对于船栽物探电子设备的实际安装应用有一定的指导意义.     

青藏高原北缘公格尔山地区地形梯度的剖析

本文以青藏高原北缘西昆仑山脉的公格尔山地区为试验区域,基于SRTM-DEM数据,采用线状地形剖面和带状地形剖面的研究方法,对试验区从公格尔山顶到塔里木盆地的地形梯度进行了研究,并探讨了地形梯度与隆升过程之间的关系。研究结果表明:(1)线状地形剖面清晰直观,操作简单;带状剖面法能较好地反映区域的地形起伏状况。若将两种方法联合起来共同进行区域地形研究,则会获得更好效果。(2)从塔里木盆地到公格尔山顶,地形抬升共分3个梯度:分别是从海拔高度2 000m左右上升到约4 500m,从约4 500m上升到将近6 000m,从将近6000m上升到约7500m。地形抬升的不同梯度可能对应着公格尔山晚新生代地貌形成过程的不同隆升过程;而每个抬升梯度的拐点,则对应着不同隆升过程形成海拔高度的分界点。     

首都师范大学三维信息获取与应用教育部重点实验室

国际合作与交流 目前,常务副校长宫辉力教授代表首都师范大学与联合国教科文组织水资源可持续发展与管理部Shahhaz Khan主任签署了“软件应用与技术支持的科学教育国际合作协议”。协议规定,首都师范大学将向联合国教科文组织水资源可持续发展与管理部免费提供100套Image Info遥感影像处理平台软件（英文版）,以支持其在世界范围内的科学教育活动;     

集合卡尔曼滤波在流域水文模型流量预报中的应用

针对流域降雨入渗过程,引入集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)理论,视整个边坡流域为一个随机动态系统,将边坡流域流量观测值作为系统的输出,用集合卡尔曼滤波模型来描述系统的状态;结合流域流量计算方法,实现水文模型参数的随机动态估计,在有效获得待估参数的同时还给出估计值的不确定性.通过数值算例表明,集合卡尔曼滤波可以有效地对含噪声的量测数据进行处理,能够跟踪水文模型的动态变化.相对于常用最优化算法,集合卡尔曼滤波同时给出反演结果和先验知识的后验分布,显示出更好的实时性和可靠性.     

二次土地调查汇总工作中应注意的几个问题

汇总,顾名思义,是对基础调查形成的各种成果进行汇集和总结,是形成最终成果的重要标志,是土地调查成果的全面体现.因此,汇总不是简单的叠加和统计,而是对各种、各类复杂工作的综合、协调和处理的过程.     

地理信息公共服务平台的总体技术设计研究

国家地理信息公共服务平台建设与运行维护是一项超大型地理信息工程。为了切实做好统筹规划、统一设计、规范建设、分步实施,国家测绘局组织开展了总体技术设计研究,制订了技术设计指南。本文介绍了国家地理信息公共服务平台总体设计的基本思路和总体架构。     

Extending self-organizing maps for supervised classification of remotely sensed data

An extended self-organizing map for supervised classification is proposed in this paper. Unlike other traditional SOMs, the model has an input layer, a Kohonen layer, and an output layer. The number of neurons in the input layer depends on the dimensionality of input patterns. The number of neurons in the output layer equals the number of the desired classes. The number of neurons in the Kohonen layer may be a few to several thousands, which depends on the complexity of classification problems and the classification precision. Each training sample is expressed by a pair of vectors ： an input vector and a class codebook vector. When a training sample is input into the model, Kohonen＇s competitive learning rule is applied to selecting the winning neuron from the Kohouen layer and the weight coefficients connecting all the neurons in the input layer with both the winning neuron and its neighbors in the Kohonen layer are modified to be closer to the input vector, and those connecting all the neurons around the winning neuron within a certain diameter in the Kohonen layer with all the neurons in the output layer are adjusted to be closer to the class codebook vector. If the number of training sam- ples is sufficiently large and the learning epochs iterate enough times, the model will be able to serve as a supervised classifier. The model has been tentatively applied to the supervised classification of multispectral remotely sensed data. The author compared the performances of the extended SOM and BPN in remotely sensed data classification. The investigation manifests that the extended SOM is feasible for supervised classification.     

部分城市土地市场加速回暖引发思考

国家统计局数据显示,今年前三个月,全国土地购置面积同比下降40．1％,从4月开始,部分城市土地市场开始加速回暖。