漂浮通量箱法和扩散模型法测定内陆水体CH_4和N_2O排放通量的初步比较研究

采用漂浮通量箱法和扩散模型法同步地观测了模拟内陆水体在不同条件下的CH4和N2O的水-气交换通量,旨在比较两类方法取得结果的异同。结果显示:这两类方法所测得的绝大多数CH4排放通量都与水中溶解氧呈显著线性负相关(显著性系数P0.001)。同时N2O排放通量与表层水温及水中铵态氮、硝态氮、溶解碳和溶解氧的关系可用包含所有上述水环境因素的Arrhenius动力学方程来表达,这些因素可以共同解释86%~90%的N2O通量变化(P0.0001),且不同方法测定的N2O通量的表观活化能和对表层水温的敏感系数分别介于47~59 kJ mol-1和1.92~2.27之间;扩散模型法所获得的CH4和N2O通量分别是箱法测定值的13%~175%和15%~240%,差异程度因模型而异;不同模型取得通量间相差20%~1200%,平均相差2.3倍。上述结果表明:仅用一种模型方法来取得CH4或N2O排放通量易形成较大偏差;不同扩散模型法和箱法测定的通量在反映CH4和N2O排放的内在规律方面具有一致性,但它们对真实气体通量的测量是否都存在不同程度的系统误差,尚需进一步研究。     

基于信息扩散理论的重庆地区暴雨灾害风险评估

为了了解重庆地区的暴雨灾害的风险规律,减少该地区暴雨引起的灾害损失。利用重庆地区34个地面气象观测站的气温观测资料(1981~2010年),结合信息扩散理论模型,分析了重庆地区的暴雨风险规律。结果显示:重庆地区多年平均暴雨日数多在2~5d,总体呈现南多北少的分布特征,并呈明显的下降趋势;平均暴雨雨量的分布基本特征为长江以北高于长江以南的地区;重庆地区4个代表站的暴雨日数风险概率曲线均为单峰型,在2~4d的值域上所占的比例最大;从暴雨灾害风险空间分布来看,随着暴雨量级的增加,灾害出现的概率也随之减小。     

The Soil Moisture and Net Primary Production Affected by CO_2 and Climate Change Using a Coupled Model

In this paper, a coupled model was used to estimate the responses of soil moisture and net primary production of vegetation （NPP） to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change. The analysis uses three experiments simulated by the second-generation Earth System Model （CanESM2） of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis （CCCma）, which are part of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5）. The authors focus on the magnitude and evolution of responses in soil moisture and NPP using simulations modeled by CanESM, in which the individual effects of increasing CO2 concentration and climate change and their combined effect are separately accounted for. When considering only the single effect of climate change, the soil moisture and NPP have a linear trend of 0.03 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and-0.14 gC m^- 2 yr^-2, respec- tively. However, such a reduction in the global NPP results from the decrease of NPP at lower latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, although increased NPP has been shown in high northern latitudes. The largest negative trend is located in the Amazon basin at -1.79 gC m^-2 yr^-2. For the individual effect of increasing CO2 concentration, both soil moisture and NPP show increases, with an elevated linear trend of 0.02 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and 0.84 gC m^-2 yr^-2, respectively. Most regions show an increasing NPP, except Alaska. For the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change, the increased soil moisture and NPP exhibit a linear trend of 0.04 kg m^2 yr^-1 and 0.83 gC m^2 yr^-2 at a global scale. In the Amazon basin, the higher reduction in soil moisture is illustrated by the model, with a linear trend of-0.39 kg m^-2 yr^-1, for the combined effect. Such a change in soil moisture is caused by a weakened Walker circulation simulated by this coupled model, compared with the single effect of increasing CO2 concentration （experiment M2）, and a consequence of the reduction in NPP is also shown in this area, with a linear trend of-     

Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection：Part Ⅱ. Numerical diffusion/diffusivity and gravitational potential energy change due to isopycnal diffusion

Study of oceanic circulation and climate requires models which can simulate tracer eddy diffusion and ad vection accurately. It is shown that the traditional Eulerian coordinates can introduce large artificial hori zontal diffusivity/viscosity due to the incorrect alignment of the axis. Therefore, such models can smear sharp fronts and introduce other numerical artifacts. For simulation with relatively low resolution, large lateral diffusion was explicitly used in models; therefore, such numerical diffusion may not be a problem. However, with the increase of horizontal resolution, the artificial diffusivity/viscosity associated with hori zontal advection in the commonly used Eulerian coordinates may become one of the most challenging ob stacles for modeling the ocean circulation accurately. Isopycnal eddy diffusion （mixing） has been widely used in numerical models. The common wisdom is that mixing along isopycnal is energy free. However, a careful examination reveals that this is not the case. In fact, eddy diffusion can be conceptually separated into two steps： stirring and subscale diffusion. Due to the thermobaric effect, stirring, or exchanging water masses, along isopycnal surface is associated with the change of GPE in the mean state. This is a new type of instability, called the thermobaric instability. In addition, due to cabbeling subscale diffusion of water parcels always leads to the release of GPE. The release of GPE due to isopycnal stirring and subscale diffusion may lead to the thermobaric instability.     

柽柳对盐碱地生态环境的影响

<正>柽柳是一种盐生植物,具有很强的耐盐、抗旱、耐淹的生物学特征,广泛分布在内陆盐碱地和我国北方滨海湿地、滩涂,有"南有红树,北有柽柳"之说。柽柳是典型泌盐盐生植物,在盐碱地(含滨海湿地)种植形成柽柳林,不仅可以显著提高其物质生产、能量转换、气候与水分调节、水质净化、生物多样性保育、防风固沙/护堤等生态与环境功能[1-2],而且也是生物改良盐渍土的一种有效措施。种植柽     

不同土壤水分对向日葵光合光响应的影响

以食用向日葵为试验材料,大田试验采取人为控制土壤水分在胁迫、适宜和过湿 (土壤田间持水量的40%~54.9%,55%~69.9%和70%~90%) 条件下,研究了向日葵3个生育期 (二对真叶—花序形成期、花序形成—开花期、开花—成熟期) 的光合光响应特性。结果表明:在试验设置光强条件下,各生育期净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,同等的光合有效辐射下净光合速率也随着土壤水分的减少依次降低,尤其是随着光合有效辐射的增大愈加明显。土壤湿度对最大净光合速率和表观量子效率的影响并不是同步的,最大净光合速率随着土壤湿度的增加而增大,而表观量子效率在一定程度的水分胁迫情况下出现最大值。不同的土壤水分含量对光补偿点和光饱和点影响不同,光饱和点随着土壤水分的增加而增加,光补偿点却相反,表明水分胁迫使向日葵可利用光的范围缩小,而适宜水分则扩大了光的利用范围,更有利于干物质积累。暗呼吸速率随着植物的生长进程逐渐降低,不同生育期的水分胁迫均导致暗呼吸速率降低。     

A multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model for emergency management

To assist emergency management planning and prevention in case of hazardous chemical release into the atmosphere,especially in densely built-up regions with large populations,a multi-scale urban atmospheric dispersion model was established.Three numerical dispersion experiments,at horizontal resolutions of 10 m,50 m and 3000 m,were performed to estimate the adverse effects of toxic chemical release in densely built-up areas.The multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is composed of the Weather Forecasting and Research （WRF） model,the Open Source Field Operation and Manipulation software package,and a Lagrangian dispersion model.Quantification of the adverse health effects of these chemical release events are given by referring to the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency＇s Acute Exposure Guideline Levels.The wind fields of the urban-scale case,with 3 km horizontal resolution,were simulated by the Beijing Rapid Update Cycle system,which were utilized by the WRF model.The sub-domain-scale cases took advantage of the computational fluid dynamics method to explicitly consider the effects of buildings.It was found that the multi-scale atmospheric dispersion model is capable of simulating the flow pattern and concentration distribution on different scales,ranging from several meters to kilometers,and can therefore be used to improve the planning of prevention and response programs.     

天气如何影响空气质量？

空气质量与天气密切相关。风、降水等对污染物的扩散起到重要作用,从而影响空气质量。 风搬运污染物风是大气中污染物的搬运工。森林大火产生的浓烟及其他污染物都可能随风飘向远方,也有可能飘到我们的家门前。无风或者微风的天气中,污染物很难扩散,因此不断增多。     

泥质气源岩层内天然气扩散损失量评价——以黔南坳陷黄页1井九门冲组页岩为例

根据天然气扩散、物质平衡原理、烃浓度封闭机理和气源岩层之间扩散时间的相互匹配关系建立了评价泥质气源岩层内天然气扩散损失量的6种扩散模式以及不同模式下气源岩层天然气扩散损失量的计算方法,为定量评价部分烃浓度封闭期间气源岩层天然气扩散量、页岩气扩散量提供了可能。源岩层在受到部分烃浓度封闭期间的天然气扩散量,假设此期间不存在烃浓度封闭,则为源岩层的扩散气量与该期间上覆气源岩的扩散气量之差。利用所得模型对黔南坳陷黄页1井九门冲组页岩进行了实际应用,结果显示,黄页1井九门冲组页岩不考虑烃浓度封闭条件下的扩散气量远大于考虑烃浓度封闭条件下的扩散气量。在评价泥质气源岩层扩散量时如果存在烃浓度封闭作用,应加以考虑。     

枫丹白露砂土的环境箱蒸发试验

为研究土壤水分的蒸发机理,自主开发了大型环境箱试验装置,并以枫丹白露砂土为研究对象,室内模拟土壤水分的蒸发过程。该试验在控制大气参数和保持土壤底部水位稳定的条件下,对蒸发过程中大气参数(空气温度、相对湿度和流量)和土壤参数(土壤温度、基质吸力和体积含水量)的变化,特别是土壤表面基质吸力的变化进行了研究。同时根据试验结果对蒸发速率及累积蒸发量进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:蒸发主要限制在土壤浅层区域,浅层土壤的体积含水量和温度的变化均较大;空气温度和土壤蒸发过程对土壤温度的变化具有较大的影响;土壤表面空气相对湿度与蒸发过程具有相关性;土壤基质吸力随着蒸发的进行逐渐增大;实际蒸发速率呈现3个阶段。