喜马拉雅山脉的地质地貌特征:来自SRTM数字高程模型和降水量数据的约束

利用GTOPO30和SRTM3数字高程(DEM)数据,提取了喜马拉雅山脉(造山带)的数字高程模型并对其进行了地质地貌的初步分析。从SRTM3数字高程数据提取出坡度数据,初步分析了喜马拉雅山脉坡度和高程的特征。数字高程和坡度图清楚地展现了喜马拉雅大型断裂带(构造边界)的空间分布特征。分析了中国气象局下属的西藏、青海、四川和云南4省区气象观测台站55年来的年平均降水量观测数据、喜马拉雅山脉南坡的年平均降水量数据、喜马拉雅DEM和裂变径迹数据,发现喜马拉雅山脉从东至西,年平均降水量逐渐减少,地形起伏逐渐变小,而高程渐次升高,与此同时剥蚀速率降低;从北至南,年平均降水量逐渐增加,地形起伏增大,高程快速降低,而剥蚀速率则急剧升高。这充分说明了喜马拉雅年平均降水量大的地区,地表剥蚀作用相对较强,年平均降水量小的地区,地表剥蚀作用则较弱,即:在喜马拉雅地区,长周期的地表剥蚀过程(可长达数个百万年时间尺度)和短周期(仅仅50年)的降水量观测是耦合的。     

喜马拉雅山脉的地质地貌特征：来自SRTM数字高程模型和降水量数据的约芽

利用GTOP030和SRTM3数字高程（DEM）数据,提取了喜马拉雅山脉（造山带）的数字高程模型并对其进行了地质地貌的初步分析。从SRTM3数字高程数据提取出坡度数据,初步分析了喜马拉雅山脉坡度和高程的特征。数字高程和坡度图清楚地展现了喜马拉雅大型断裂带（构造边界）的空间分布特征。分析了中国气象局下属的西藏、青海、四川和云南4省区气象观测台站55年来的年平均降水量观测数据、喜马拉雅山脉南坡的年平均降水量数据、喜马拉雅DEM和裂变径迹数据,发现喜马拉雅山脉从东至西,年平均降水量逐渐减少,地形起伏逐渐变小,而高程渐次升高,与此同时剥蚀速率降低;从北至南,年平均降水量逐渐增加,地形起伏增大,高程快速降低,而剥蚀速率则急剧升高。这充分说明了喜马拉雅年平均降水量大的地区,地表剥蚀作用相对较强,年平均降水量小的地区,地表剥蚀作用则较弱,即：在喜马拉雅地区,长周期的地表剥蚀过程（可长达数个百万年时间尺度）和短周期（仅仅50年）的降水量观测是耦合的。     

世界河床高程最高的大河 中国坡降最陡的大河 西藏地区第一大河 近观雅鲁藏布江的美丽英姿

雅鲁藏布江,全长3848千米,被藏族人民视为"摇篮"和"母亲河",为中国第5大河(仅次于长江、黄河、黑龙江和珠江)、西藏地区第一大河。它的上游是世界海拔最高的大河,也是中国坡降最陡的大河。在藏语中雅鲁藏布江意为"高山     

印度喜马拉雅山区流域的冰川资源及其冰冻圈研究计划

<正>印度喜马拉雅山区流域17%的面积被永久性积雪和冰川覆盖,大约有32000km2,其中,冰川共计在9000条以上,储存了大约12000km3的淡水资源.这些冰川对维持区域生态的稳定和调节河流径流供水具有重要意义.各流域的冰川分     

喜马拉雅和西藏高原深地震反射剖面的初步成果

喜马拉雅和西藏高原深地震反射试验剖面,伸入到特提斯-喜马拉雅构造带内部,长约100km（帕里-萨马达）,其数据采集已由中美科学家（中国地质科学院、地质矿产部石油地质海洋地质局和美国康乃尔大学、哥伦比亚大学等）合作完成。 试验剖面的科学目标之一是追踪MCT和MBT的向北延伸,涉及到喜马拉雅山脉的隆升动力。试验剖面数据的初步处理不仅获得了可能是MCT和MBT向北伸延的     

Effects of topography and land use on woody plant species composition and beta diversity in an arid Trans-Himalayan landscape,Nepal

Distribution patterns of plant species are believed to be impacted by small-scale habitat heterogeneity. However, there have been few comparative studies examining how woody vegetation composition and diversity varies with aspects of different orientations in the Trans-Himalayan region at a local scale. Here, we examined the effects of incoming solar radiation on variation in woody species composition and compared the diversity between the northeast- and southwest-facing slopes in a Trans-Himalayan valley of Nepal. We also examined the implicit interactions between slope orientation and land use in determining the compositional variations between the slopes. We selected two pairs of northeast- and southwest-facing slopes where the first pair has a similar land use and differs in exposure only（Pisang site） while the other pair has clear differences in land use in addition to slope exposure（Braka site）. In each site, we sampled 72 plots（36 on each slope） in which the presence and absence of woody species, environmental variables, and disturbance were recorded. Correspondence Analysis（CA） results suggested that the woody species composition significantly varied between northeast- and southwest-facing slopes at both sites, and was significantly correlated with measured environmental variables such as radiation index, altitude, and canopy openness. In the Braka site,mean alpha diversity was significantly higher on southwest-facing slopes. In contrast, beta diversity and gamma diversity were greater on northeast-facing slopes at both sites. Our results suggest that topographic variables（e.g., radiation index） affect species composition between the slopes, likely due to their influence on small scale abiotic environmental variables. However, the effects of land use, such as livestock browsing/grazing may interact with the effects of slope exposure, effectively reducing differences in species composition within slopes but enhancing the differences in beta diversity between contrasting slopes in the Br     

Seismic Hazard Assessment of District Mansehra,Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa,Pakistan

The site of Mansehra is located seismically in an active regime, known as the Crystalline Nappe Zone and Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis in NW Himalayas, Pakistan. Seismic Hazard Assessment （SHA） for the site has been carried out by considering the earthquake source zones, selection of appropriate attenuation equations, near fault effects and maximum potential magnitude estimation. The Mansehra Thrust, Oghi Fault, Banna Thrust, Balakot Shear Zone, Main Boundary Thrust, Panjal Thrust, Jhelum Fault and Muzaffarabad Fault and, further to the south, the Sanghargali, Nathiagali, and Thandiani Thrusts are the most critical tectonic features within the 50 km radius of Mansehra. Using the available instrumental seismological data from 1904 to 2007, SHA has been carried out. Other reactivated critical tectonic features in the area have been investigated. Among them the Balakot-Bagh fault, with the fault length of 120 km from Balakot to Poonch, has been considered as the most critical tectonic feature on the basis of geological/structural/seismological data. The potential earthquake of maximum magnitude 7.8 has been assigned to the Balakot-Bagh fault using four regression relations. The peak ground acceleration value of 0.25 g （10% probability of exceedance for 50 years） and 0.5 g has been calculated with the help of the attenuation equation using probabilistic and deterministic approaches.     

喜马拉雅板块活动证据兼论青藏高原形成模式

本文根据近年来对青藏高原广泛开展的考察所积累起来的实际材料,以板块构造观点,简要讨论了青藏高原主要构造特征。文章以地质历史、沉积特征、冈瓦纳相沉积、蛇绿岩套、混杂岩和外来岩块的分布、变形特征、岩浆活动的规律以及雅鲁藏布江两侧变质带的特点,论证了喜马拉雅地区板块活动的方式和特征,对喜马拉雅运动进行了分期并对各期运动的性质作了分析。文章提出了冈瓦纳大陆的北界可能是班公湖—东巧构造带以及雅鲁藏布江构造带在中生代拉开、早第三纪闭合机制的新设想