乡村振兴背景下传统湿地文化现代化路径初步探索

加快实现传统优秀湿地文化传承和发展,形成乡村湿地与生态农业、文化旅游业和小规模创意手工业等结合的产业模式,对解决湿地过度利用问题和恢复湿地生态系统具有重要意义,同时也是恢复乡村生命活力的有效途径。在厘清湿地文化内涵与湿地保护关系的基础上,通过讨论传统湿地文化面临部分优秀湿地文化消失、传承利用泛娱乐化和外来文化入侵的问题,从保护意识薄弱、传承动力不足以及缺乏深入挖掘和有效传承路径等原因进行分析,提出应从传统湿地文化鉴别保护、传统行为方式和生活方式现代化、观念和思维方式现代化以及湿地文化利用现代化等方面实现传统湿地文化现代化传承。并以洱源西湖湿地为例,通过静态整体性保护和全方位活态传承,构建乡村振兴背景下的湿地文化传承和发展模式,以期为我国湿地保护和可持续利用提供参考。     

包头市赛汗塔拉湿地草原旅游吸引力的多层次评价

赛汗塔拉湿地草原(或称赛汗塔拉公园)坐落于内蒙古包头市,属于原始草原湿地生态系统。其独特的草原湿地景观及蒙古族的民俗风情,极具地域代表性。利用层次分析法及模糊综合评价法对赛汗塔拉公园的旅游吸引力进行评价。结果表明:(1)一级指标“旅游资源”中“自然景观”“人文景观”指标对旅游吸引力的影响较大;(2)该湿地的“综合旅游吸引力”得分属于较高水平,说明其具有较强吸引力;(3)游客对该湿地的植被、水体质量和基础设施等方面较为关注。综合评价当前赛汗塔拉湿地草原的旅游吸引力,可为其今后的可持续发展提供一定的科学依据与参考。     

不同水位垂直流人工湿地中植物及微生物特征

利用4个连续进水的垂直流人工湿地,比较分析水位对污染物去除效果的影响,研究湿地中植物对氮磷去除的贡献,阐析湿地中脱氮功能菌数量的演变规律。3个湿地栽种黄花鸢尾,水位分别控制在19、51和84cm,另一个湿地不栽种植物,水位为51cm。结果表明,水位对氮和有机物的去除有显著影响(p<0.05),栽种植物的湿地中,51cm水位时总氮去除率(67.4%～79.2%)最高,19cm水位时氨氮(85.3%～93.0%)和COD(81.8%～92.9%)去除效果最好。试验中黄花鸢尾均生长良好,植物吸收对总氮(Total nitrogen,简称TN)和总磷(Total phosphorus,简称TP)去除的贡献分别为19.2%～27.3%和14.7%～19.2%;植物地上部分发挥更重要作用,其TN和TP含量及对TN和TP的吸收量均高于地下部分。湿地表层基质中3种脱氮功能菌数量均随运行时间的增加而显著提高,亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌数量分别为10~4～10~6和10~5～10~7 MPN/g,随水位升高而减少;反硝化细菌数量为10~3～10~6 MPN/g,随水位升高而增加。     

发光细菌法对北戴河湿地沉积物遗传毒性的评价

针对蓬莱19-3油田溢油事故造成的秦皇岛北戴河湿地植被退化,通过种植湿地植被碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和海韭菜(Triglochin palustre)对受损湿地进行修复。为评价修复效果,分析了8个站位在修复前(2016-11)和修复后(2017-07)沉积物中多环芳烃、石油烃和重金属的含量变化,同时采用发光细菌法评价其遗传毒性。结果显示,沉积物中多环芳烃和石油烃的含量在修复后下降明显,降解率范围分别为82.57%～97.45%和60.99%～98.99%。此外,修复前多数样品表现出较强的遗传毒性,发光细菌法显示沉积物遗传毒性的丝裂霉素C(Mitomycin C,简称MMC)的等当量浓度范围为-2.042～2.018 mg/L,4个站位为高毒,中毒和低毒的站位各有2个;修复后,沉积物的遗传毒性明显降低,其MMC的等当量浓度范围为-0.574～0.015 mg/L,所有站位均为低毒。研究表明,湿地植被的修复显著提高了湿地的生态环境质量,且发光细菌法可作为快速评价湿地沉积物遗传毒性的检测方法。     

黄河三角洲地区GF-3雷达数据与Sentinel-2多光谱数据湿地协同分类研究

黄河三角洲湿地的动态变化监测对湿地资源合理利用、开发保护具有重要意义。采用C波段全极化高分三号（GF-3）合成孔径雷达数据与欧洲空间局哨兵二号（Sentinel-2B）多光谱数据,分析了黄河三角洲湿地7类地物的光谱、指数、极化散射以及纹理等特征信息,分别基于最大似然法（maximum likelihood,ML）、决策树（decision tree,DT）、支持向量机（support vector machine,SVM）方法实现了有监督分类,评估了两者协同与单独应用于湿地地物分类与识别的能力,结果表明,两者协同分类时,其总体精度分别可达90.4%、95.4%、95.7%,均明显高于两者单独分类的结果,证明了GF-3雷达数据与多光谱数据在湿地协同分类方面的可靠性和应用潜力。     

大沽河口湿地变化的遥感监测

遥感影像分类是遥感影像应用研究的重点。本文以大沽河口湿地为研究对象,利用2009年到2017年的Landsat ETM+和OLI影像,使用支持向量机分类法对研究区域中的河流、盐田、养殖区、耕地、建设用地、滩涂进行分类,分类结果的总体分类精度达到98%,Kappa系数达到0.98,表明该方法在湿地分类方面具有很大应用潜力。对分类结果的面积进行统计分析并研究其变化原因,结果显示,该区域受人类活动和自然因素双重影响,这九年来建设用地、河流面积分别增加772.27hm2、75.30hm2,耕地、养殖区面积分别减少了39.54hm2、522.95hm2。     

湿地资源调查更新若干问题探讨

对古浪县第二次全国湿地资源调查的技术、结果进行了系统分析,探索了研究区内湿地资源调查更新的方法,通过"天空地"协同和"互联网+"的调查更新技术全面更新研究区内湿地资源调查数据库,以全面掌握湿地资源状况。研究结果:1)古浪县第二次湿地资源调查范围内的非湿地类型面积达4 615.35 hm2,占全县第二次湿地调查总面积的59.31%。2)变更后县域内湿地资源总面积4 131.54 hm2,以河流水面、内陆滩涂、水库水面、沟渠为主要用地类型,较第二次调查湿地面积净减少3 650.25 hm2。3)"天空地"协同遥感监测技术为湿地资源变更监测提供高精度多源数据,保证了调查、监测的精度和准确性。     

常德市规划区湿地地质环境特征及保护建议

常德市作为全球首批“国际湿地城市”,也是我国首批海绵城市建设试点城市,其湿地保护与修复工作取得了举世瞩目的成就,为全国提供了城市湿地、水系生态修复的成功经验。通过对常德市规划区内花山河湿地、枉水湿地和盘塘湖湿地地层结构、含水层特征、地下水位变化、沅江及柳叶湖地表水位长期监测数据的综合分析,剖析了湿地地下水与沅江、柳叶湖等地表水交互关系,针对各湿地提出了相应的调整建议和保护建议,研究认为：常德市湿地地表水与地下水之间的水量交换和水质变化情况直接影响湿地生态系统的保护;地表水—地下水的相互转化程度主要体现在时间和空间上,影响湿地水文周期的主要因素有气候变化、地表水径流的变化、地下水位变化、地下水开采情况和湿地补水、排水情况变化。加强对区内地表水-地下水相互转化关系的深入研究,可为科学合理保护常德市规划区湿地生态系统和洞庭湖区湿地保护修复提供科学依据。     

Impacts of soil fauna on litter decomposition at different succession stages of wetland in Sanjiang Plain, China

Litter decomposition is the key process in nutrient recycling and energy flow. The present study examined the impacts of soil fauna on decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes at three succession stages of wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, China using different mesh litterbags. The results show that in each succession stage of wetland, soil fauna can obviously increase litter decomposition rates. The average contribution of whole soil fauna to litter mass loss was 35.35%. The more complex the soil fauna group, the more significant the role of soil fauna. The average loss of three types of litter in the 4mm mesh litterbags was 0.3–4.1 times that in 0.058mm ones. The decomposition function of soil fauna to litter mass changed with the wetland succession. The average contribution of soil fauna to litter loss firstly decreased from 34.96% (Carex lasiocapa) to 32.94% (Carex meyeriana), then increased to 38.16% (Calamagrostics angustifolia). The contributions of soil fauna to litter decomposition rates vary according to the litter substrata, soil fauna communities and seasons. Significant effects were respectively found in August and July on C. angustifolia and C. lasiocapa, while in June and August on C. meyeriana. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents and the C/N and C/P ratios of decaying litter can be influenced by soil fauna. At different wetland succession stages, the effects of soil fauna on nutrient elements also differ greatly, which shows the significant difference of influencing element types and degrees. Soil fauna communities strongly influenced the TC and TP concentrations of C. meyeriana litter, and TP content of C. lasiocapa. Our results indicate that soil fauna have important effects on litter decomposition and this influence will vary with the wetland succession and seasonal variation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China (No. 2009CB421103), Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40830535/D0101), Knowledge Innovation Programs of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-BR-16, KSCX2-YW-N-46-06)     

Ecosystem health assessment of Honghu Lake Wetland of China using artificial neural network approach

Honghu Lake, located in the southeast of Hubei Province, China, has suffered a severe disturbance during the past few decades. To restore the ecosystem, the Honghu Lake Wetland Protection and Restoration Demonstration Project (HLWPRDP) has been implemented since 2004. A back propagation (BP) artificial neural network (ANN) approach was applied to evaluatinig the ecosystem health of the Honghu Lake wetland. And the effectiveness of the HLWPRDP was also assessed by comparing the ecosystem health before and after the project. Particularly, 12 ecosystem health indices were used as evaluation parameters to establish a set of three-layer BP ANNs. The output is one layer of ecosystem health index. After training and testing the BP ANNs, an optimal model of BP ANNs was selected to assess the ecosystem health of the Honghu Lake wetland. The result indicates that four stages can be identified based on the change of the ecosystem health from 1990 to 2008 and the ecosystem health index ranges from morbidity before the implementation of HLWPRDP (in 2002) to middle health after the implementation of the HLWPRDP (in 2005). It demonstrates that the HLWPRDP is effective and the BP ANN could be used as a tool for the assessment of ecosystem health.