北威尔士北美云杉林土壤水运动规律的研究

本文论述了北威尔士北美云杉林〔Ｐｉｃｅａｓｉｔｃｈｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｏｎｇ）Ｃａｒｒ〕土壤非饱和水在土壤剖面上的垂直和水平方向的时空变化过程及规律。结果表明，表层至１０ｃｍ深和３５～５０ｃｍ深的土壤层内非饱和水含量始终高于１０～２０ｃｍ和２０～３５ｃｍ深两层的非饱和水含量。土壤非饱和水有从上向下和从下向上补给中间层的规律。受水势梯度的影响，犁沟内非饱和水可以侧向补给相邻畦埂的土壤。在监测期，土壤中没有饱和水和过饱和水运动过程出现     

北美五大湖流域综合管理的经验与启示

流域综合管理已成为国家和地区水资源管理的一种行之有效的模式,中国的流域管理尚处于探索阶段,借鉴国外流域管理的成功经验,形成有效的流域管理模式是中国水资源管理的主要任务之一.归纳总结了北美五大湖流域管理的成功经验,其健全的法律体制,快速高效的管理机构及其相互协调机制,信息化和科技支撑以及综合环境监测体系与预警机制等为中国流域综合管理提供了可借鉴的经验.北美五大湖管理机制丰富了流域管理的理论和实践.     

Climatic change in Western North America during the last 15,000 years: The role of changes in the relative strengths of air masses in producing the changing climates

In the Cordillera of western North America, the influence of the Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation only affects coastal areas west of the Coast Range and the lowlands of western and southern Alaska. The rest of the area is subject to a climate controlled by the relative strengths of three distinct air masses, viz., the cold cA/cP air that is dominant in winter, the mP air bringing cool moist air over the mountains throughout the year, and the dry hot cT air from the deserts of the southwestern United States. The Arctic Front marks the boundary between the cA/cP air mass and the other two. Changes in the relative strengths of these air masses appear to explain the climatic changes documented throughout the region. Thus, in the last 30 years, the average position of the Arctic Front has moved north from about 53°N to 58°N, causing the warming in northern British Columbia and cooling south of Calgary, Alberta. This concept of changing positions of the air masses also appears to explain the mechanism behind the past climatic changes in this region. During the last Neoglacial event （c.1400-1900 A.D.）, it appears that the cA/cP air mass had strengthened enough to push the Arctic Front south of the 49th parallel. Incursions of mP air increased with localized areas of short-term heavy snowfalls resulting in small-scale advances of glaciers in these regions. This accounts for the variability in timing and extent of these glacial advances, while the resulting increased Chinook activity produced the development of a sand sea between Medicine Hat and Regina on the southern Prairies. The cT air mass was relatively weak, permitting these changes. During the maximum of the Altithermal/Hysithermal warm event （6,000 years B.P.）, the Arctic Front had retreated into the southern Yukon Territory as the cT air mass became stronger. The mP air could not move inland as easily, resulting in drier climates across the region. Prairie plants mi- grated into the southern Yukon Territory, and land snails from the eastern United States were able to migrate up the Saskatchewan River system as far as Lake Louise, Alberta. On the southern Prairies, the many small sloughs and lakes dried up. During the maximum of the Late Wisconsin Glacial event （15,000 years B.P.）, the Arctic Front had moved south to the vicinity of 30°N, while there had been a southward movement of the Zone of Intertropical Convergence from the equator to about 10°S. The mP air was also very strong and dumped enormous quantities of snow in the glaciated Canadian Cordillera, but it does not appear to have moved south any distance into the northern United States, witness the limited glaciation and widespread permafrost that developed there. Instead, there is evidence for buffering of the climatic changes in the closed basins in the northern Cordillera of the contiguous United States. The source of the cT air mass had moved south into the northern part of South America, permitting an exchange of savannah biota between the two continents. An extensive area of white dune sands inundated both savannah and forest along the inland hills in Guyana. This parallels the massive changes in African climatology during the last Ice Age （Fairbridge, 1964）. If these changes occurred each time there was a major glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere, this would explain the movement of biota from all terrestrial environments between the two American continents in the last 2 million years. A similar northward movement of climatic belts occurred in South America, with the cA air from Antarctica expanding northwards into southern Argentina and Chili. However paucity of data and the potential effects of El Ni o and the Southern Oscillation make it difficult toprovide details of the changes there in the present state of knowledge. This technique of studying the mechanisms of present-day climatic changes and applying the results to past climatic events has considerable potential for elucidating past climatic changes elsewhere in continental regions. This may prove particularly valuable in studying the Siberian anticyclone that is the main cause of the distribution of permafrost, but this will need international cooperation to be successful.     

浅析北美湿地林道规划及设计

通过分析北美湿地林地规划及设计的理念,特别推出了美国联邦政府对湿地林地规划及设计具体的法规及列举美国主要湿地林道路基类型。通过美国国际重要湿地和地方湿地公园湿地林道的几个具体实例,阐明北美遵循最优管理实践原则及联邦政府湿地林道规划设计法规,促进湿地生态系统可持续发展。     

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恢复大自然的生态平衡欧美掀起“引狼入室”运动

长期以来，狼被作为人类和牲畜的敌人，人们一直主张把它们赶尽杀绝，以至于目前在世界很多地方狼群消失，从而打破了自然界的生态平衡。现在随着自然生态环境的恶化，全球有不少国家正在实行“引狼人室”的行动计划。     

北美西部陆相白垩系-古近系界线孢粉学特征简介―兼评中国东部白垩系-古近系界线研究

已经报道的北美西部陆相白垩系-古近系界线剖面已达近百处,这些剖面分布在阿拉斯加南部向南经加拿大直到美国南部的新墨西哥州北部的广大北美西部内陆地区,其中很多属迄今所知全球很好的陆相白垩系-古近系界线剖面.这些剖面常有标志性的界线黏土,并伴有其他地球化学、生物地层学特征.因为这些剖面所在地当时都在湿润或半干旱地区内,有利于生物化石,特别是孢粉化石的保存,易于开展孢粉学研究.经过近四十年不懈努力,孢粉学已经成为北美精确确定陆相白垩系-古近系界线最重要的、也是迄今为止所知最为有效的古生物学工具.孢粉植物群在界线上下特征差别显著,容易区分.界线之下含有大量主要繁盛于白垩纪的被子植物花粉,而在临近界线时则突然消失或仅零星出现,界线附近则以一层孢子异常丰富层为古近系底部特征.进入古近纪之后,虽然被子植物花粉有所恢复,但是繁盛于白垩纪的成分却很少出现.北美和新西兰、日本白要系-古近系界线附近在沉积岩和孢粉学方面的相似性表明这一事件可能是全球性事件.简要回顾和讨论了我国与孢粉学相关的几个热点地区陆相白垩系-古近系界线的研究概况,我国东北及江苏北部和北美西部大部分地区白垩系-古近系界线附近的孢粉植物群及其沉积环境比较类似,在苏北到东北地区范围内首次发现陆相白垩系-古近系界线地层的可能性比其他地区大.