基于模糊Hopfield神经网络的大气降水粒子分类

提出基于模糊Hopfield神经网络的大气降水粒子分类,它是通过计算样本间的模糊关系的相似程度,再加上Hopfield网络所特有的高稳定性,对大气降水粒子进行分类.通过对各降水粒子所对应雷达回波数据的分析,验证了方法的可行性.     

Impacts of Climatic Factors on Runoff Coefficients in Source Regions of the Huanghe River

Runoff coefficients of the source regions of the Huanghe River in 1956–2000 were analyzed in this paper. In the 1990s runoff of Tangnaihai Hydrologic Station of the Huanghe River experienced a serious decrease, which had at- tracted considerable attention. Climate changes have important impact on the water resources availability. From the view of water cycling, runoff coefficients are important indexes of water resources in a particular catchment. Kalinin baseflow separation technique was improved based on the characteristics of precipitation and streamflow. After the separation of runoff coefficient (R/P), baseflow coefficient (Br/P) and direct runoff coefficient (Dr/P) were estimated. Statistic analyses were applied to assessing the impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff coefficients (including Dr/P, Br/P and R/P). The results show that in the source regions of the Huanghe River, mean annual baseflow coefficient was higher than mean annual direct runoff coefficient. Annual runoff coefficients were in direct proportion to annual pre- cipitation and in inverse proportion to annual mean temperature. The decrease of runoff coefficients in the 1990s was closely related to the decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the same period. Over different sub-basins of the source regions of the Huanghe River, runoff coefficients responded differently to precipitation and temperature. In the area above Jimai Hydrologic Station where annual mean temperature is –3.9oC, temperature is the main factor in- fluencing the runoff coefficients. Runoff coefficients were in inverse relation to temperature, and precipitation had nearly no impact on runoff coefficients. In subbasin between Jimai and Maqu Hydrologic Station Dr/P was mainly affected by precipitation while R/P and Br/P were both significantly influenced by precipitation and temperature. In the area be-tween Maqu and Tangnaihai hydrologic stations all the three runoff coefficients increased with the rising of annual precipitation, while direct runoff coefficient was inversely proportional to temperature. In the source regions of the Huanghe River with the increase of average annual temperature, the impacts of temperature on runoff coefficients be-come insignificant.     

民国二十四年十一月份全国天气概况

十一月之天气,殊为恶劣,全国各地,阴湿异常;惟东南沿海一带,颇属晴朗。东亚境内,本月共见温带低气压九个,其中之一发生於日本海之北部後,即行东北与本国天气无关。此外八个,分布国内,为本月天气变化之主要因子。另有台风一个,盘桓於菲列滨附近洋面,本国天气末受影响。本月中有较显之寒潮五次,其中之三次,曾使本国天气发生重大改变,於长江流域及其南之面积,降水尤多。一日,除东方滨海之一带地外,本国之大部面积,均在盛大之低气压下,阴雨连绵,其状殊为恶劣。二日,另二低气压出现於长江流域,阴雨区域推广而及苏鲁海岸。四日,一高气压已到外蒙,西北天气初现晴意。五日,高气压中心行抵华北,黄河以南先後发生大风,     

蒙古包:芳草天涯任我游

这首自南北朝时期流传至今的古代歌谣《被勒川》，把中国北方广袭无垠、牧蕈肥美、牛羊遍地的草原景色．生动形象地展现在人们的眼前．激起人们对蓝天白云、牧歌悠扬的蒙古草原的无限向往。     

民国二十五年九月份各地气象通讯

广州:本月天气,晴雨分布,极不均匀,上旬各日均雨,下旬晴朗乾燥,滴雨全无,中旬多雾,晴云日数相等。雨量共计151.3公厘,上旬占116.1公厘;七日雨量最多33.9公厘,雨量超过10公厘者凡7日。最特别者,下旬湿度甚低     

基于TRMM卫星资料的渤海降水遥感估算研究

降水是全球能量平衡和水分循环中的关键要素,但海洋区域实时、准确的降水观测资料难以获取,因此,遥感卫星资料在海洋降水及全球能量和水分循环研究领域具有十分重要的应用前景。本文基于1998~2012年6个气象站点(岛屿或海岸带)的实测降水资料,评估TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)V7版本3B42、3B43两个降水产品对渤海降水量的估算精度,在此基础上,分析并揭示渤海区域年、季和月降水量的时空特征。结果表明:在日尺度,3B42产品对渤海降水量的估算效果总体较差,而在月、年尺度,3B42、3B43产品与实测降水量比较接近,而且,3B43产品的估算精度稍高;总体上,TRMM表现出低估降水的特点,且当实测月降水量大于300 mm时,这种特征尤为显著;1998~2012年,渤海年降水量表现出明显的年际丰枯变化特征,多年均值为631.6 mm;夏季降水量占年降水总量的62.0%,7月是降水量最丰富的月份;空间上,渤海中南部降水量相对较高,而近岸区域降水量相对较低;受大气环流等因素的影响,夏季降水量重心向西北方向偏移,冬季则向东南方向偏移。     

冬季西太平洋暖池与华南降水关系的年代际变化

利用1951-2010年全国台站冬季降水观测资料、Hadley环流中心逐月海表温度资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,探讨了西太平洋暖池与我国华南地区冬季降水的关系。结果表明,西太平洋暖池与我国华南冬季降水的年际关系在1972年发生了明显的年代际转折,20世纪70年代前两者弱的负相关未通过信度检验,而70年代后两者相关系数达到-0.5~-0.6。回归分析显示,70年代前,暖池对产生华南冬季降水的水汽条件以及动力条件等的影响不显著,因此其与华南冬季降水的关系不明显。70年代后,暖池偏暖时,在菲律宾海区域激发出一个显著的气旋性环流,该环流西北侧的偏北风不利于南海地区水汽向我国华南地区输送,华南地区水汽辐散增强,而且南支槽地区对流减弱,南支扰动不活跃且扰动不能向下游地区传播,华南地区扰动活动减弱,此外暖池偏暖使北半球经向环流显著增强,且下沉支位于我国华南地区,加强了华南地区的下沉运动,因而华南地区冬季降水显著偏少;暖池偏冷时,情况相反。     

北极涛动对青海省冬季降雪异常的可能影响

利用中国753站1950-2010年逐日站点资料,从中选取1981-2010年间青海23个代表站冬季(12月、1月、12月)的总降水量作者青海冬季降水序列,分析了三十年间青海省冬季降水异常的成因。发现青海省冬季降水异常的年份中北极涛动指数有一定的波动。对北极涛动指数和降水总量做了相关,经显著性检验呈显著正相关。分析了降水异常年份的高度距平场来分析北极涛动对青海省降水的可能影响。     

太平洋潜热通量及其与黄淮夏季降水的关系

研究了1979—2010年太平洋潜热通量的变化特征及其与中国黄淮夏季降水的关系。结果表明,潜热通量的气候场和方差场均存在着明显的季节变化,且各季节气候场的极值中心也是变化幅度较大的区域。黄淮地区降水与前期春季的潜热场相关性最好。定义了黄淮夏季降水指数来研究影响降水的潜热场关键区,发现春季潜热关键区为10°~20°N之间的中东太平洋和热带东太平洋沿岸海区。春季当上述两个海区净潜热通量增多时,后期夏季500hPa和850hPa位势高度异常场中,在太平洋西海岸-阿拉斯加南部一线上均表现为"正—负—正"的分布型,黄淮降水偏多。