Analyses of the long-term salinity variability in the Bohai Sea and the northern Huanghai(Yellow) Sea

Based on the comprehensive collection of the field observed salinity of the Bohai Sea (BHS) and the northern Huanghai Sea (NHS) from the 1950s to the present,the patterns of 10-years-averaged salinity at the different layers in the recent five decades (the 1950s,the 1960s,the 1970s,the 1980s and the 1990s) are obtained by the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with the scrupulous data quality control in this study.Then,by combining the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with successive correction method,the annual distributions of salinity both in the BHS and in the NHS are obtained as well.The data analyses indicate that the overall salinity in the BHS and the NHS increases from the 1960s till the present,with the increase of annual mean salinity of 0.04 psu from the 1950s,and the maximum increase rate of salinity is about 0.14 psu/a in the Bohai Bay.The high salinity tongue extended significantly from the NHS into the BHS.The intensified eastern wind field is related to the western intrusion of the NHS warm current,which probably leads to the moving forward of the high salinity water mass into the BHS.However,it is rather different from the salinity distribution characteristics between the 1950s and the 1960s.The extensive precipitation in the 1960s could lead to an increase in the discharge of the Huanghe River,which might result in the decrease of salinity in the BHS.But the salinity isoline of 32 in the NHS still extended significantly into the BHS in the 1960s.Since the 1980s,the patterns of salinity distribution have changed thoroughly.The salinity in the central area of the BHS was low,while the salinity in the Bohai Bay and the Liaodong Bay was higher than the other regions with its horizontal salinity gradient decreasing in the 1980s.The Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis (EOF) is also conducted to study the interannual salinity variability of the BHS and the NHS.The correlation coefficient between the time coefficient series of the main mode and the Huanghe River discharge can reach -64.57%.It can be concluded that salinity variation of the BHS and the NHS has strong negative correlation with the Huanghe River discharge.     

The application of geographic information technology to coastal geomorphology

With the development of modern oceanic observation technologies,coastal survey data have been experiencing a substantial growth.The integration management of the data from different disciplines,different sources and different formats has become a major research field in coastal geomorphology by using Geographic Information System (GIS).This paper puts forward a new methodology framework of GIS techniques in coastal ocean geomorphology,including data acquisition,process,analysis,and representation.It focuses on some major GIS techniques to study the land-ocean interaction mechanism,such as spatial analysis,submarine topography model and three-dimension (3D) visualization,and apply its result to coastal urban planning,harbor site selection and geomorphology environment about coral reef and islands on the continental shelf.The case studies cover the whole coastal ocean to serve the social community,economical development and diplomatic rights for decision-making all round in the coastal zone.The research shows clearly that the application of coastal multi-source geospatial platform has changed the traditional coastal geomorphology science dramatically from its research scope,fields and methods,however,as made clear in this paper,extracting accurate information from remote sensing data and GIS databases for coastal geomorphological applications is a nontrivial challenge that requires the combined knowledge and skills of information scientists and geomorphologists.     

区域性海洋要素持续测量平台新技术概述

21世纪是海洋的世纪,海洋要素现场观测对海洋学研究、海洋工程建设和海上国防安全等诸多方面具有深远的意义.比如近年来气候的剧烈变化,就是由大气和海洋共同作用的结果,且受海洋的影响较大[1],因为海洋表层储存的热量比大气多1 000多倍.     

核酸探针技术及其在海洋浮游植物检测中的应用

在海洋生态系统中,浮游植物是初级生产者,通过其生命活动影响和改变着海水的理化性质;反过来海水环境的污染和破坏也会作用于浮游植物个体、种群和群落.     

绿藻氢化酶及其产氢代谢的分子生物学研究进展

随着全球工业的迅猛发展,对能源的需求量大幅增加,由于不可再生的矿物能源储量有限,导致能源危机逐渐映现,因此,开发可再生的洁净新能源成为亟待解决的全球性问题.H2由于其能量密度高,燃烧后只生成水,不造成任何污染,成为最理想的可再生能源之一.在各种制氢方法中,绿藻制氢以太阳能为能源,以水为原料,通过光解水制取H2,是目前生物制氢技术研究的热点.     

柄海鞘对铅的生物富集作用

应用半静态的双箱式生物富集动力学模型,在室内研究了柄海鞘对重金属 Pb2+ 的生物富集作用,通过非线性拟合得到了相应的生物富集动力学参数.结果表明:柄海鞘对金属 Pb2+ 具有一定的富集作用,对 Pb2+ 的富集吸收速率常数 k1 和富集系数 BCF均随外部水体中 Pb2+ 浓度的增大而减小.富集平衡时,海鞘体内的铅含? Camax)与外部水体中 Pb2+ 的浓度基本呈正相关.柄海鞘不同器官中的 Pb 浓度不同,依次为:生殖腺>消化腺≈其他部分>外背囊.排出阶段 Pb 在柄海鞘体内的生物学半衰期(B1/2)为 10.05～36.76d.     

船载ADCP资料的潮流分离方法在厦门港断面重复走航中的应用

本文运用Candela等提出的潮流分离方法,选用高斯函数作为基函数,采用Matlab程序,首次对厦门港嵩鼓水道的船载ADCP断面重复走航资料进行潮流分离计算．通过对14个计算点的Candela方法计算结果与引进差比关系准调和分析方法计算结果的分析比较可见：（1）两种方法计算所得余流在大、小潮的相关系数分别为0．9882和0．8521,余流相对误差在大、小潮分别为0．065和0．150,而所得余流方向在大、小潮的相关系数分别为0．9982和0．9865,余流方向相对误差在大、小潮分别为0．023和0．027．两种方法计算的余流及其方向的相关性很高（在样本数为14,置信度为α=1％时,相关系数大于0．6610,结果是可信的）,而平均相对误差也很小．（2）对14个计算点的M2、S2、K1、O1、M4和MS4等6个分潮的计算结果（共有84个样本数据）进行分析比较,两种方法计算所得6个分潮的长轴、长轴方向和短轴在大潮的相关系数分别为0．9838、0．8960和0．2335,而在小潮的相关系数分别为0．9656、0．7555和0．2209．这两种方法计算所得6个分潮的长轴、长轴方向和短轴在大潮的平均相对误差分别为0．375、0．071和0．753,而在小潮的平均相对误差分别为0．287、0．254和0．845．两种方法计算的分潮长轴及其方向的相关性很高（在样本数为84,置信度为α=1％时,相关系数大于0．283,结果是可信的）．相应的分潮长轴的相关性略低,但是在样本数为84,置信度为α=5％时,相关系数均大于0．217．可认为在置信度为α=5％时,计算结果是可信的,而平均相对误差则略显较大．综上所述,我们认为采用Candela等的方法对船载ADCP断面重复走航资料进行潮流分离计算是可行的．     

海底隧道防排水技术浅析——以厦门翔安海底隧道为例

由于海底隧道的特殊性,其防排水技术与一般陆地隧道有着显著区别,本文介绍了厦门翔安海底隧道的防排水方案设计情况,对方案实施效果进行了评估．得出了海底隧道防排水应结合围岩与支护的自防水功能采取以堵为主的原则,并针对海底隧道防排水方案实施中的问题,提出了对初期支护背后注浆是重点,改进注浆材料等建议．从而论述了防排水技术是海底隧道工程建设的核心问题．     

海域勘界技术的应用

制订划界方案是海域勘界工作的核心工作,包括资料分析、初拟划界草案、草案协调和协商等阶段．大多数海域界线需要分段划分．勘界实践表明,不同界线及其不同区段的界线必须运用不同的划界技术,如垂直岸线法、水道（航道）中心线法、协议线法、习惯线法、中点连线法、用海界线法及岛礁中间线法等．草案协调是勘界工作的难点,必须采取背靠背协调、面对面协商及反复沟通等方法,促成双方达成共识．     

嵊泗海域大气总悬浮颗粒物的特征

以嵊泗海域为研究区域,研究了该区域大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)含量及TSP中重金属含量随季节变化的特征,通过对TSP中各重金属元素的相关系数、富集因子以及气象要素的分析来判断重金属的来源.结果表明:冬季该海域TSP含量最大,为夏季的4倍之多,季节变化很显著;冬季该海域TSP中重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd)含量最高,秋、春季次之,夏季最低.冬季Cu、Pb和Cd含量分别为夏季的17、27和27倍.TSP含量和TSP中的Cu、Pb、Cd含量的相关性不强,或基本不相关;但Cu、Pb、Cd含量之间的相关系数却很大,其中Pb与Cd含量的相关系数达到了0.95,说明它们的关系密切,可能来自同一个源.富集因子由大到小对应的3种重金属依次为Cd、Pb和Cu.从富集因子年平均值来看,Cu、Pb、Cd都被富集;冬季3种重金属都被严重富集,夏季3种重金属都没有被富集.冬季,嵊泗群岛盛行西北风且风速很大,非常有利于把上海及其周边城市的污染物输送到嵊泗海域,造成冬季该海域的TSP中重金属含量严重富集;春季,嵊泗群岛盛行的风向开始转变为东南风,风从海洋吹向大陆,所以春季该海域TSP中重金属含量急剧减少;夏季,嵊泗群岛的风向转变为东风,风还是从海洋吹向大陆,加之夏季是1年中降雨量最多的季节,加速了TSP中重金属的沉降速度,致使夏季该海域TSP中3种重金属含量都达到了最低值;秋季,嵊泗群岛的风向又转变为西北风,有利于陆源污染物的传输,虽然风速小于冬季,但依然造成重金属含量的严重富集.可以推断,嵊泗海域的TSP中重金属主要来源于上海及其周边城市的陆源污染物.