山西宁武"万年冰洞"形成机制初探

山西宁武万年冰洞,是目前所知全球冻土带以外,垂直洞穴中保存的冰体规模最大、最多、最好的地区,国内外所罕见。初步研究表明,冰洞洞体的形成,主要与该区第四纪早期冰川作用有关。冰体开始形成于早更新世末的冰缘期。冰体之所以终年不化长期保存的原因,主要与其所处地理位置、冰体与围岩的热平衡作用形成低温保护层———“冰室效应”、垂直洞穴的存在、冰体与围岩裂隙空气间产生的热平衡作用的结果———“囱式效应”和冰洞周边地下煤自燃(当地俗称“千年火山”)形成的“热力效应”等因素有关。万年冰洞的形成和保存,是当地气候、环境变迁的缩影、真实的记录和见证,为研究该区和华北地区气候和环境演化,提供重要的实际资料和依据,具有极高的科学价值和实际意义。     

西藏当雄-羊八井盆地的第四纪地质与断裂活动研究

在当雄-羊八井盆地进行的详细地质填图工作表明,该盆地中堆积了上新世或早更新世以来多套不同成因的沉积物。其中最显著的是形成于约700~500kaB.P.、250~125kaB.P.和75~12kaB.P.等三个阶段的冰川和冰水沉积物,它们指示念青唐古拉山地区在中更新世以来曾有过三次冰期。对念青唐古拉山东南麓断裂带的研究表明,该断裂带包含了三条次级断层带,它们具有不断向盆地内部迁移和多期活动的特点,其中中更新世以来的几次重要活动分别发生在700~500kaB.P.、350~220 kaB.P.、140kaB.P.和70~50kaB.P.。断裂带错动中更新世以来地层所形成的断层崖高度随着地层时代的变新发生系统地减小,指示该断裂的垂直活动速率介于0.4mm/a~2mm/a之间,其中第四纪期间的长期的平均垂直活动速率为1.1±0.3mm/a,而全新世期间的垂直活动速率为1.4±0.6mm/a.      

A New Method to Identify Quaternary Moraine：Acoustic Emission Stress Measurement

How to effectively identify glacial sediments, especially Quaternary moraine, has been in dispute for decades. The traditional methods, e.g., sedimentary and geomorphologic ones, are facing challenge in eastern China where controversial moraine deposits are dominatingly distributed. Here, for the first time, we introduce the acoustic emission （AE） stress measurement, a kind of historical stress measurement, to identify Quaternary moraine. The results demonstrate that it can be employed to reconstruct stress information of glaciation remaining in gravels, and may shed light on the identification of Quaternary moraine in eastern China. First, we measured the AE stress of gravels of glacial origin that are underlying the Xidatan Glacier, eastern Kunlun Mountains in western China. Second, we calculated the stress according to the actual thickness of the glacier. The almost identical stress values suggest that the glacial gravels can memorize and preserve the overlying glacier-derived aplomb stress. And then we introduce this new approach to the controversial moraine in Mount Lushan, eastern China. The results indicate that the stress is attributed to the Quaternary glacier, and the muddy gravels in the controversial moraine in Mount Lushan are moraine deposits but not others.     

第四纪冰川地质遗迹

对冰川的概念及分类、第四纪冰川地质遗迹研究意义及我国研究历史、第四纪冰川地质遗迹特征及分期作了系统介绍。