Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.     

低山丘陵区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响—以河北省遵化市为例

通过调查河北省遵化市低山丘陵区油松林、板栗、草地和坡耕地等典型土地利用方式对土壤养分和土壤容重的影响，土地取样取土壤表层0-20cm，结果表明，森林的砍伐以及随后的耕种显著增加了土壤容重并降低了大部分土壤养分。和林地相比，草地、当年开垦的农地、板栗和耕种3年的农地容重分别增加了13.3%，14.2%,27.5%,39.7%。除全磷外，板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤养分有显著下降，和林地相比，板栗有机质减少了60.7%，全氮减少了35.6%，全钾减少了21.3%，速效钾减少了57%；耕种3年的农地土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和速效钾则分别减少了62.9%,52.6%,31%和60%。土壤退化指数的计算结果表明板栗和耕种3年的农地土壤发生了较为严重的退化。     

木荷马尾松群落凋落物养分归还量年变化格局分析

对福州市国家森林公园木荷马尾松群落凋落物养分归还量年变化格局进行了分析．群落通过枯枝落叶形式每年向林地归还养分（N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn）总量为217．310kg·hm^-2．其中5种大量元素年归还量顺序为N〉Ca〉K〉Mg〉P,4种微量元素的为Fe〉Mn〉Zn〉Cu．群落通过落叶归还于林地的养分量占总量的80．49％,并以木荷叶为主,它主导了中亚热带木荷马尾松林凋落物的年凋落量及养分归还量．9种营养元素归还量在不同月份间的变化很大,在4月N、P、K、Mg、Mn达到第一个归还高峰,8月N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn又出现第二个归还高峰;Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn的第一个归还高峰在5月,Cu和zn的第二个归还高峰在7月,在11月除Cu外各养分元素又有一个小归还峰．凋落物的C／N年变化量在27．38～40．29之间,C／P年变化值在1045～1703之间．在4种组分中,以落叶对N、K、Mg、Mn年归还的贡献最大,落枝对Ca、Cu、Zn年归还的贡献最大,落果对P的年归还贡献最大,而花及杂物对Fe的年归还贡献最大,养分利用效率以P和4种微量元素的较大,它们（特别是P）较易成为中亚热带木荷马尾松林生长的限制因子．     

半干旱区植物篱侵蚀及养分控制过程的试验研究

针对目前国内外对于温带及半干旱地区植物篱的侵蚀及养分控制过程研究较少的状况,利用冀西北黄土丘陵区较为完备的试验小区的长年观测资料,并结合野外全坡面的大型人工模拟降雨试验,定量地分析黄土丘陵区坡面侵蚀分异规律,得到了在暴雨条件下细沟产生并导致侵蚀剧烈增加的临界坡长为10～15m,从而以此作为植物篱在该区域布设的理论依据。本研究模拟和分析了植物篱对养分流失拦蓄的形态、植物篱改变坡面侵蚀过程、控制细沟产生以及拦蓄泥沙而达到控制侵蚀及养分的目的,对于植物篱———农作复合农林技术在温带及半干旱地区的实践具有科学价值。     

文山州土壤养分空间分布与变化规律

采用GPS定位技术,对文山州基本烟田进行大规模的土壤取样,研究了区域植烟土壤养分状况的总体特征、空间变异特征,并采用普通插值法绘制了土壤养分空间分布图。结果表明:随海拔的升高,土壤pH值呈显著下降的趋势,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量呈极显著增加趋势,而土壤有效磷含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。全州土壤有机质和碱解氮含量整体呈由北向南、由东向西有增加的趋势,土壤有效钾含量整体上呈由中部向北部及南部增加的趋势,土壤pH值和有效磷空间变化趋势不显著。     

Geochemical Evaluation of Soil Quality in Menyuan County of Qinghai Province北大核心CSCD

青海省门源县内林草地面积大于44万公顷,耕地仅不到4.2万公顷,林草地资源丰富。2016年在门源县地区开展了1：25万土地质量地球化学评价工作,是青海省首次在大面积林草地区开展1：25万土地质量地球化学调查工作,具有较好的示范作用。通过评价土壤养分、土壤环境等级划分了土壤质量地球化学综合等级,结果表明：门源县土壤质量一等优质土壤占比92.4%,二等良好土壤占0.8%,三等中等土壤占5.6%,四等差等土壤占0.9%,五等劣等土壤占0.3%。通过项目实施可服务门源县土地资源管理,为门源县土地规划利用、农业种植结构调整及生态环境治理等提供依据,助力门源县绿色有机农畜产品输出地建设。     

浙江省瑞安市耕作层土壤养分元素有效态含量空间变异特征及其影响因素

综合采用地统计学、GIS和传统统计分析方法,研究了瑞安市耕作层土壤9种养分元素有效态含量空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果显示,研究区耕作层土壤碱解氮呈西高东低的分布趋势,速效钾、有效硼、有效锰、有效钼、有效铜和有效锌呈西低东高的分布趋势,有效磷呈东西高、中间低的分布趋势,有效铁分布均匀;研究区中西部耕作层有效硼较缺乏,东部碱解氮较缺乏,中部有效磷较缺乏,其他地区9种养分元素有效态含量均达到中等以上;半方差函数分析显示有效锰和有效铁为强空间相关性,碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效钼、有效铜和有效锌为中等空间相关性,有效硼为弱空间相关性。研究认为,中性或是弱碱性、含盐量较高且阳离子较活跃的土壤环境有利于速效钾和有效硼富集,酸性或弱酸性和有机质含量较高的土壤有利于碱解氮和有效铁富集;速效钾、有效钼、有效硼、有效铜和有效锌含量的控制因素相似,主要受成土母质、土壤类型以及地形地貌等结构性因素和施肥、耕作等随机性因素的双重影响,而碱解氮、有效铁、有效磷和有效锰的含量分布主要受成土母质、土壤类型以及地形地貌等结构性因素的影响。     

Effects of aspects on soil environment and plant growth on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau北大核心CSCD

The different aspects lead to great differences in the processes of water,heat,and energy balance,which further affect the soil environment and the growth of alpine plants. Based on an experimental study with eight aspects（abbreviated as octagonal platform）of Huashixia frozen soil observation base on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,the influence of aspects on soil environments and alpine vegetation growth was studied. The results showed that：（1）After 6 years,the soil temperature of each slope near the surface（10 cm and 30 cm depth）from high to low was as follows：south > southeast > southwest > west > east > northwest > northeast > north,that is,the relatively sunny slope（east,southeast,south and southwest）was higher than the relatively shady slope（west,northwest,north and northeast）. However,there was no significant difference in soil water con⁃ tent between the sunny slope and the shady slope at the depth of 0~30 cm. （2）The growth trend of aboveground vegetation（including plant height,coverage and aboveground biomass）on sunny slope was better than that on shady slope. The growth trend of underground vegetation（including root depth and underground biomass）on sunny slope was worse than that on shady slope. （3）In the depth of 0~10 cm,the content of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen on sunny slope was higher than that on shady slope. However,the content of total phosphorus on sunny slope was lower than that on shady slope. There was no significant difference in total potassium and available nutrients among different slopes（P>0. 05）. In general,the effect of temperature on vegetation growth and nutrient distribution is significant in alpine regions,and these findings provides an important reference for vegetation restoration and energy balance research in different aspects. © 2023 The Author(s).     

硅钾肥对青菜产量品质和土壤养分影响研究

采取等养分及土培试验方法,进行硅钾肥在不同施肥条件下对青菜产量、维生素含量、硝酸盐含量、重金属元素含量以及土壤养分含量影响的试验,分析施用硅钾肥对提高蔬菜产量品质和土壤养分的作用。结果显示:施用硅钾肥可以有效提高土壤有效氮和土壤有效磷含量,明显提高青菜的产量和青菜中维生素含量,减少青菜硝酸盐含量,降低青菜中重金属元素镉、铬、铅等的含量。