南黄海夏季海水pCO2研究Ⅱ--下层海水涌升和长江冲淡水对海-气界面CO2通量的贡献

根据2001年7月对南黄海的大面积调查,研究了南黄海夏季pCO2的分布机制,着重讨论下层海水涌升和长江冲淡水对海-气界面CO2通量的贡献,并给出了南黄海海-气界面CO2通量。研究结果表明:夏季南黄海总体上是CO2的1个弱源,大约向大气中释放45.05×104t C。夏季南黄海表层海水pCO2分布表现出了极大的不均性,其汇区主要由长江冲淡水造成,影响区域占汇区吸收CO2的99.9%;而在源区,下层海水涌升虽然面积较小却占源区释放CO2的35.2%。可见陆架边缘海区源/汇格局的地域差异非常之特别。     

沼泽地CO2的释放：测量值低于估计值

沼泽地ＣＯ_２的释放：测量值低于估计值尽管农业排水活动被认为是过量ＣＯ２释放的主要因素，但由美国地质调查局展开的一项最新研究表明：加利福尼亚排水沼泽地的ＣＯ２释放量比以前的估计值低得多．加利福尼亚戴维斯地区Ｄｕｋｅ大学的水文学家ＳｔａｕｔＲｏｉｓｔａ?..     

红海及亚丁湾间之海水交换

分析表观耗氧量、滴定碱度及总二氧化碳量等资料来研判红海及亚丁湾间之海水交换。结果显示，红海深层水的方解石及霰石饱和度均比亚丁湾和阿拉伯海深层水的饱和度高。红海全水柱之方解石和霰石都处於过饱和状态，亚丁湾和阿拉伯海中各深度之方解石亦呈过饱和状态，但霰石的饱和深度则大约在５００ｍ左右。分析深层水之生物体无机碳与有机碳的分解比值，可以发现此地区深层水中，大约在２５％的总二氧化碳增加量是由无机碳酸钙溶解而     

节能小窍门

1、少买不必要的衣服服装在生产、加工和运输过程中,要消耗大量的能源,同时产生废气、废水等污染物。每人每年少买一件不必要的衣服可节能约2.5千克标准煤,相     

碳的地下封存

引言 减少温室气体排放量的需要 随着地球大气层中二氧化碳和其他温室气体浓度的不断上升,自然温室效应不断增强,这将导致全球气候变化。这些气候变化的特征、程度和时限是不可确定的,但一种主要的气候变化是可预测的,即全球平均气温上升。图1中的观测结果表明,由于外在因素的影响,例如火山尘和太阳辐射输出,全球平均气温逐渐增加且很有可能已超出气候自然变化的范围。     

咸水层二氧化碳封存试验的水文和地球化学监测

水文和地球化学监测是典型试验场地特征描述和二氧化碳利流监测的主要组成部分。本次试验把二氧化碳注入德克萨斯州北部海湾地区河成三角洲Frio地层的含咸水砂层。注入的二氧化碳在原地形成超临界相,与周围咸水相比超临界相二氧化碳具有气体特征（低密度和粘度）,而一些二氧化碳溶解于咸水。典型试验通过1个注入井和1个监测井完成。在两个水井均开展了压力和流速监测;在监测井持续采集地表流体样品和定期采集井下液体样品。在二氧化碳注入之前开展的场地特征描述包括：在抽水试验的同时进行压力瞬变分析,来评估单相流动特征;确定注入井和监测井之间的水力连通性;确定对应的边界条件以及分析地层范围内的环境条件。此外,在注入二氧化碳前开展的示踪剂试验,有助于评估在单相条件下注入井和监测井之间的动态孔隙率和流径的几何形状。在注入二氧化碳前开展的地球化学采样,能为随后开展的地球化学监测提供基准,并有助于确定注入二氧化碳时使用的最佳示踪剂。在二氧化碳注入期间,开展水文监测来评估两相流动特征,并协助监测注入的二氧化碳羽流的运动;而通过地球化学采样能够提供二氧化碳和示踪剂到达监测井的直接证据。而且,含有二氧化碳的水能起到弱酸的作用,可与含水层内多种矿物发生反应,在监测井采集水样时可提供明显的化学信号。单相示踪剂试验和二氧化碳（以及与二氧化碳同时注入的示踪剂）的临界点曲线对比结果显示：超临界二氧化碳与固有咸水之间存在两相流动过程：为了有效地把二氧化碳封存于咸水含水层,必须充分了解二氧化碳封存场地当前存在的不确定性因素。     

回注地下——解决气候变化问题

从地球内部开采石油、煤和天然气来供给我们能量。在这类化石燃料燃烧和释放能量时产生了不需要的二氧化碳气体,这会对全球气候产生影响。可以捕集这种二氧化碳,输送到地下并且封存,这样可从根本上减少温室气体的放出量,有助于缓解气候变化,成为向持久供应能量过渡的关键因素。     

The effects of carbon dioxide leakage on fractures, and water quality of potable aquifers during geological sequestration of CO2

Since industrial revolution, the ＂greenhouse effect＂ is one of the most important global environmental issues. Of all the greenhouse gases, CO2 is responsible for about 64% of the enhanced ＂greenhouse effect＂, making it the target for mitigation, so reducing anthropogenic discharge of carbon dioxide attracts more and more attention. Geological sequestration of CO2 in deep saline aquifers is one of the most promising options. But because unknown fractures and faults may exist in the caprock layers which can prevent the leakage of CO2, CO2 will leak upward into upper potable aquifers, and lead to adverse impacts on the shallow potable aquifers. In order to assess the potential effect of CO2 leakage from underground storage reservoirs on fractures and water quality of potable aquifers, this study used the non-isothermal reactive geochemical transport code TOUGHREACT developed by Xu et al to establish a simplified 2-D model of CO2 underground sequestration system, which includes deep saline aquifers, caprock layers, and shallow potable aquifers, and study and analyze the changes of mineral and aqueous components. The simulation results indicated that the minerals of deep saline aquifers and fractures should be mainly composed of aluminosilicate and silicate minerals, which not only enhance the mass of CO2 sequestrated by mineral trapping, but also decrease the porosity and permeability of caprock layers and fractures to prevent and reduce CO2 leakage. The results from deep saline aquifers showed that the mass of carbon dioxide trapped by minerals and solution phases is limited, the rest remained as a supercritical phase, and so once the caprock aquifers have some unknown fractures, the free carbon dioxide phase may leak from CO2 geologic sequestration reservoirs by buoyancy.     

The ＂CO2-rich gas vents＂ of Mt. Amiata volcano （Tuscany, Central Italy）： Geochemistry,genetic mechanism and hazard evaluation

Mt. Amiata （Southern Tuscany, Central Italy） is an extinct Quaternary volcano located in an area still marked by high heat-flow that is caused by deep seated （6-10 km） hot masses related to Pliocene magmatic activity. The anomalous geothermal gradient gives rise, within the Mesozoic limestone formation （Tuscan series）, to geothermal systems that fed the Ca-SO4 thermal springs characterizing this area. Besides of thermal fluids, several cold, dry CO2-rich gas emissions seep out on the NE flank of the volcano. These gas vents mostly consist of large sub-circular craters at variable depth and diameter （5-15 m and 10-50 m, respectively）, and represent a serious hazard for the local population, as testified by the several asphyxia casualties that have been repeatedly occurred within these morphological depressions. In this work, the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Mt. Amiata ＂CO2-rich gas vents＂ and the estimation of both the CO2 flux from the soil and the CO2 distribution in air of their surroundings, has been carried out in order to： （1） assess the origin of gases, （2） recognize the mechanism of formation for these gas emissions and their relationship with local tectonics, and （3） to evaluate the CO2 hazard in the high flux emanations. The chemical composition of the gases is largely dominated by CO2 （up to 98 % by vol） and shows relatively high concentrations of N2, CH4 and H2S （up to 1.1%, 0.9% and 3.9 % by vol, respectively）. These features, coupled with the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures, suggest that the origin of the main gas compounds may be related to the contribution of deep （i.e., thermometamorphic processes on carbonate formations for CO2） and shallow （i.e. thermal decomposition of organic material for CH4, N2 and H2S） sources.     

二氧化碳影响全球水循环

英国一项最新研究表明，大气中二氧化碳含量增加会导致植物吸收水分减少，使更多降水进入内陆河流，影响全球水循环，增加洪水发生的几率。