Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.     

基于PCA和LOGIT模型的网络入侵检测方法

针对高维度网络数据进行多类攻击行为检测的需求,提出一种基于PCA和Logit模型的网络入侵检测方法,通过PCA对网络数据降维、简化数据集和多项式Logit模型实现对不同攻击行为的识别并判别其类型。实验结果表明,方法在网络入侵识别上具有较理想的效果。     

对富东煤矿采空区积水特征及积水量的估算

富东煤矿井田内及相邻煤矿采(古)空积水对其煤层开采威胁较大,本文从垂向分布与平面分布上对富东煤矿采空区积水特征进行了分析,并估算了矿井内及影响其开采的相邻采空区及采空破坏区的积水量。     

饲料添加不同脂肪及蛋白质水平对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)生长性能、体成分及消化酶活力的影响

本实验以64d为限,设A1(34%),A2(38%),A3(42%)三个蛋白梯度水平和B1(5%),B2(8%),B3(11%)三个脂肪梯度水平,采用正交试验方法研究了饲料中不同脂肪及蛋白质水平对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)[平均体重(0.69±0.23)g]生长性能、体成分和消化酶活力的影响。结果表明,脂肪和蛋白质水平对日本沼虾成活率影响不显著(P0.05),脂肪水平对32d相对增重率和特定生长率影响显著(P0.05)。B3组的特定生长率和相对增重率均显著低于B1和B2组(P0.05)。全虾和肌肉的脂肪含量显著地受饲料脂肪水平的影响(P0.05)。饲料中蛋白质水平对全虾的干物质、蛋白质和灰分含量,以及肌肉中脂肪、蛋白质含量影响显著(P0.05)。饲料脂肪水平对肝胰脏中脂肪酶活力影响显著(P0.05),蛋白水平对肝胰脏中脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力影响不显著(P0.05)。本文认为日本沼虾饲料脂肪水平应以5%—8%较为合适,蛋白质水平应在38%左右较为合适。     

海岸裂流的研究进展及其展望

近岸裂流是海岸工程和海岸演变中非常重要的动力因素,对污染物排放和游泳者安全有很重要的意义。详细回顾了国内外对海岸裂流方面的研究与进展,具体包括对裂流的实验室实验和现场观测测量技术、理论分析、裂流的形成机理以及数值模拟等方面,概述了该领域的研究现状与发展趋势。总结了已有研究存在的不足,提出了需要进一步研究的课题。     

南大西洋沉积物中多环芳香化合物的组成特征研究

10 samples of sediments obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were measured for the abundances and distributions of polycyclic aromatic compounds(PAHs). The total concentrations of PAHs(∑PAHs) ranged from 2.768 to 9.826 μg/g dry sediment. The ∑PAHs was higher in sample 22V-TVG10 and sample 26V-TVG05 which were close to hydrothermal fields, with the lowest value in sample 22V-TVG14 which was farthest from hydrothermal fields, suggesting a probable hydrothermal origin of ∑PAHs of samples. Approximately nine kinds of PAHs were identified, and low molecular mass tricyclic and tetracyclic aromatic compounds were predominant in the samples. The concentrations of fluoranthene which were typical as hydrothermal alteration compounds were the highest among PAHs with dry weight between 0.913–3.157 μg/g. The phenanthrene homologue was most abundant in the samples, and the ratios between parent phenanthrene and methylphenanthrene which probably reflected the degree of hydrothermal alteration ranged from 0.097 to 1.602. The sample 22V-TVG10 possessing a maximum ratio value showed the intense influence of the hydrothermal alteration on this sample, which might further imply that PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from the hydrothermal alteration.     

海南铜鼓岭国家级自然保护区海域珊瑚的分布及其健康状况评价

沿铜鼓岭国家级自然保护区海岸南北两侧沿岸布设8个站位,采用断面监测法调查了珊瑚的种类多样性、覆盖率、死亡率和补充量等指标,并利用健康指数（CI）评估了铜鼓岭珊瑚礁生态系统的健康状况和遭受环境压力的程度.本次调查共发现铜鼓岭造礁石珊瑚11科23属40种,软珊瑚8种,造礁石珊瑚和软珊瑚覆盖率分别为13.8%和19.4%,该海域珊瑚礁生态系统保存较为完好和健康.铜鼓岭珊瑚的覆盖率呈现明显的空间分布特征,北侧珊瑚覆盖率为0.1%～9.8%之间,远低于南侧的水平（8.1%～66.1%）.从珊瑚补充量来看,铜鼓岭北侧珊瑚的恢复能力基本为零,而铜鼓岭以南的区域可以有0.4个/m^2珊瑚新个体.通过比较2006年以来珊瑚种类、覆盖率、死亡率、补充量、健康指数等方面的调查数据,认为铜鼓岭保护区的珊瑚礁生态系统得到有效保护,珊瑚礁生态系统处于健康状态.     

珠江口磨刀门盐水入侵的现状与成因分析

通过对珠江口磨刀门水域包括潮位、径流量、河道深泓、海表水温、盐度、气温、风速、风向、降雨等参数的长期基础历史资料的整理、转换与统计分析,探讨其盐水入侵加强的主要原因。结果表明:珠江口磨刀门盐水入侵受到潮位、径流、降雨、气温、风速的等诸多因素的综合影响,但最直接、最明显的影响因素是径潮相互作用。多因素的综合作用,使得珠江口磨刀门的盐水入侵活动规律复杂多变,给预报和治理工作带来一定的困难。     

岸线变化对连云港港口海域纳潮量的影响研究

基于ECOMSED三维数值模拟方法研究了连云港港口海域岸线变化对纳潮量的影响,计算了岸线变化前后港域的纳潮量。结果表明,岸线变化后港域的大潮纳潮量变小,中潮和小潮的纳潮量相对于岸线变化前略高。断面潮量变化表明岸线变化后港域纳潮量减小,纳潮空间配置发生变化。     

北京市热环境时空分异与区划

城市热环境空间区划是采用分区管理的思路来缓解城市社会经济发展与热环境之间矛盾的技术基础。本文构建城市热环境区划模型的思路为:(1)将不同时相的MODIS地表温度数据产品进行正规化、分级,分析2008年北京城市热环境时空分布特征。(2)构建城市热环境影响因素评价体系,并通过空间主成分分析计算得到热环境影响主成分因子。(3)通过自组织映射神经网络,利用热环境影响主因子,进一步对热环境进行空间区划。结果表明,北京夜间较白天城市热岛分布层次感明显,夏季白天较其他季节高温区聚合程度高。区域下垫面组成要素直接影响热环境,北京城市热环境的主成分因子依次为植被覆盖、地形地貌、城市下垫面建设规模和人为热排放,并依此将北京划为7个热环境区域,根据各个分区热环境成因机制差异分别提出热环境改善和调控措施。