Damming of large river by debris flow: Dynamic process and particle composition

The frequency and extent of debris flows have increased tremendously due to the extreme weather and the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Previous studies focused on the debris flow from gullies damming the mountain streams. In this paper, an equation for the run-out distance of debris flow in the main river is proposed based on the dynamic equation of debris flow at different slopes given by Takahashi. By undertaking field investigations and flume experiments, a new calculation method of the volume of debris flow damming large river is obtained. Using the percolation theory and the renormalization group theory it was deduced that the large particles should comprise more than 50% for forming a stable debris flow dam. Hence, the criteria of damming large river by debris flow is presented in terms of run-out distance and grain composition which was then validated through the event of damming river by debris flow at Gaojia gully, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, Sichuan, China, on July 3, 2011.     

巧设“微专题”助力高三地理复习

正通过对近年高考试题的研究发现,高考对主干知识的考察更加细致入微,尤其在非选择题当中围绕某个主题设计新情境,依据信息迁移知识,进行梯度设问,重视思维和推理过程,同时对答案的表述要求更加精细和准确。为了能在地理高考中突破非选择题的瓶颈,取得理想成绩,笔者针对近年地理高考试题特点并结合自身教学实践,提出"微专题"复习模式,以期与同行交流。     

林波波河观“大津巴布韦遗址”的古风古韵

林波波河系非洲东南部河流,因在当地的土著语言中,“林波波”意为“鳄”,又由于河中鳄鱼很多,因而又叫“鳄鱼河”。林波波河发源于约翰内斯堡附近的高地,向北流至南非与博茨瓦纳边界后向东北流,     

阿拉善草原 以沙漠绿洲荒原草原河流湖泊相间的美丽地方

“阿拉善”系蒙古语,意为“五彩斑谰之地”。阿拉善草原位于我国内蒙古自治区的最西端,隶属于阿拉善盟。阿拉善草原为内蒙古自治区第六大草原,     

利用生产动态及地震资料分析井间河流相砂体连通性

渤海PL油田是位于渤海湾盆地的大型河流相油田,在其注水开发过程中,亟需准确认识注水井与生产井之间的砂体连通性,以便优化和调整注采井网,提高采收率.针对油田砂体横向变化快,纵向上薄砂体发育的特点,利用丰富的压力、水淹等生产动态资料及相位转换后赋予地质意义的地震资料综合分析砂体的连通性,进一步完善和修正了早期以地质及测井资料确定的砂体连通性分析成果,并引入注采连通率概念,用来定量表示井组范围内注水井与生产井之间的砂体的连通性.该套方法在PL油田注水优化及井网调整研究中得到了充分的体现,对其它河流相注水开发油田井组范围内井间砂体连通性研究具有一定的借鉴作用.     

The Soil Moisture and Net Primary Production Affected by CO_2 and Climate Change Using a Coupled Model

In this paper, a coupled model was used to estimate the responses of soil moisture and net primary production of vegetation （NPP） to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change. The analysis uses three experiments simulated by the second-generation Earth System Model （CanESM2） of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis （CCCma）, which are part of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5）. The authors focus on the magnitude and evolution of responses in soil moisture and NPP using simulations modeled by CanESM, in which the individual effects of increasing CO2 concentration and climate change and their combined effect are separately accounted for. When considering only the single effect of climate change, the soil moisture and NPP have a linear trend of 0.03 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and-0.14 gC m^- 2 yr^-2, respec- tively. However, such a reduction in the global NPP results from the decrease of NPP at lower latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, although increased NPP has been shown in high northern latitudes. The largest negative trend is located in the Amazon basin at -1.79 gC m^-2 yr^-2. For the individual effect of increasing CO2 concentration, both soil moisture and NPP show increases, with an elevated linear trend of 0.02 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and 0.84 gC m^-2 yr^-2, respectively. Most regions show an increasing NPP, except Alaska. For the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change, the increased soil moisture and NPP exhibit a linear trend of 0.04 kg m^2 yr^-1 and 0.83 gC m^2 yr^-2 at a global scale. In the Amazon basin, the higher reduction in soil moisture is illustrated by the model, with a linear trend of-0.39 kg m^-2 yr^-1, for the combined effect. Such a change in soil moisture is caused by a weakened Walker circulation simulated by this coupled model, compared with the single effect of increasing CO2 concentration （experiment M2）, and a consequence of the reduction in NPP is also shown in this area, with a linear trend of-     

柴达木盆地那陵郭勒河流域水资源开发利用浅析

那陵郭勒河是柴达木盆地最大的内陆河流,随着流域中下游水资源的开发利用,水资源供需问题将日益突出。通过对那陵郭勒流域从水资源量、赋存条件及水化学特点等方面分析,讨论水资源现状是否满足近期用水规划以及水资源的开发利用对生态环境产生的影响。计算结果表明那陵郭勒流域水资源量为10.68×10^8m^3,流域生态需水量达9.06×10^8m^3,可供开发利用水资源仅有15%。近期的开发利用量在地下水的可承载范围之内,但若超出所能支配的水资源量,长期发展无疑会对会生态环境产生不良的影响。     

考虑河流地貌演化因素的清江隔河岩库区岸坡稳定性预测

根据清江中下游河流地貌演化与岸坡稳定性的响应关系,将河流地貌演化因子作为岸坡稳定性评价指标,采用层次分析与信息量评价模型相结合的方法,通过地理信息系统实现了清江隔河岩库区的岸坡稳定性定量预测,其预测结果与现实情况比较吻合。研究表明该方法是一种行之有效的岸坡稳定性预测方法,以及河流地貌演化对岸坡稳定性预测具有显著作用。     

江西德兴铜矿大坞河土壤重金属累积特征与成因

江西德兴铜矿是中国超大型斑岩铜矿,随着矿业活动的增加,德兴铜矿区重金属污染问题日益严重。查明德兴铜矿土壤重金属累积作用及原因,可为政府机构、矿山开展环境整冶提供科学依据。在大坞河上游、中游、下游选定3个剖面,采集50件土壤样品,得出其基于地球化学基线的累积特征。整体来讲,Cu、Mo累积作用最为显著,Cr、As累积作用明显,同时发现一级、二级阶地上累积显著,并从矿石组合、地化背景、河流阶地、元素形态、矿山生产等角度开展累积作用的原因分析。     

优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法在马莲河流域水资源综合管理中的应用研究

根据马莲河流域水资源总量极端贫乏、年际年内分配不均、常规水资源量低、水污染问题较严重等特点,利用系统分析理论和优化技术建立了流域的大系统、多目标水资源优化配置模型,并利用优化的NSGA-Ⅱ方法进行求解,得到流域2020年期望水资源配置下的最佳分配方案为:流域总供水量57 086×104m3,工业供水量21 690×104m3(总产值约为144.6亿元),能源基地供水量4 329×104m3(总产值约为346.32万元),农业供水量20 840×104m3,生活供水量9 452×104m3,生态供水量811×104m3。对比期望方案供水量增加了6 710×104m3,综合缺水率减少了11.41%。并根据预测的流域的分配方案和预测的流域需水量,进行了流域的水资源平衡分析,通过平衡分析的结果进行流域的综合管理研究。2020年在最优水资源分配方案下,工业缺水率3.21%、减少了4.51%;能源基地缺水率0.00%;农业缺水率4.64%、缺水率增加26.17%;生活缺水率0.00%;生态缺水率1.00%、缺水率增加了1.00%。配置方案实现了流域内水资源的最佳分配,使宝贵、有限的水资源产生最大的社会、经济及环境效益,为流域经济、能源产业的快速发展提供水资源保障。