The Effects of Zn, Mn, and Co Accumulation on Growth and Chemical Composition of Fucus vesiculosus L under Different Temperature and Salinity Conditions

Abstract. Combined effects of temperature, salinity, and metal enrichment (Zn, Mn, Co) on the growth rate and chemical composition of Fucus vesiculosus L. were studied in culture. Factorial combinations of two temperatures and three salinities were used. The results indicated that the accumulation of Zn and Mn into algal tissue was enhanced by dilution of the media, whereas Co accumulation exhibited maxima at the medium salinity. Zn accumulation was enhanced by temperature, while the opposite was true for Mn and Co.
In the presence of metals the usual dilution-induced changes in growth activity and chemical composition of Fucus plants were altered, while responses to the temperature factor remained unchanged. In diluted media, growth activity and mannitol content decreased along with a simultaneous increase of protein content. In the presence of Zn and Mn the mannitol content exhibited peaks at the medium salinity; in the presence of Co the dilution-induced pattern remained unchanged. Salinity-induced changes in growth and protein content were altered in the presence of metals. Maxima in growth rates were found at the medium salinity. Growth was higher in extremely diluted media than in scawater, indicating an inversion of responses to the salinity factor. Both the growth rate and mannitol content were lowest under the influence of Zn.     

Particulate n-alkanes and fatty acids in the Changjiang river system

Particulate samples were collected from the Changjiang river system during a flood period, in May 1997, and POC, stable isotope and lipids associated with particles were examined. Results showed the decrease (0.84% ～ 1.88%) of organic carbon content from the upper reaches to the estuary.δ13C values of particulate organic carbon was in the range of -24.9×10-3 to -26.6×10-3, which were close to the isotopic signature of continental C3 vegetation. Total particulate n-alkanes concentrations varied from 1.4 to 10.1μg/dm3,or from 23.7 to 107μg/g of total suspended matter. Fatty acids were present in all the samples, from 1.4 to 5.4μg/dm3, with saturated and unsaturated straight-chain and branched compounds in the carbon number range from C12 to C30. Both δ13C and the ratio of carbon content to nitrogen content indicate the predominance of terrestrial inputs (soil organic matter) among the particles. The biomarker approach has been used to identify the relative portion of terrigenous and autochthonous fraction in the particulate samples. The distribution of fatty acids suggests a striking phytoplanktonic and microbial signal in most particle samples. The terrestrial alkanes are used to estimate the contribution of terrestrial inputs along the mainstream.     

Hydraulic redistribution by deeply rooted grasses and its ecohydrologic implications in the southern Great Plains of North America

Perennial bioenergy crops with deep (>1 m) rooting systems, such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), are hypothesized to increase carbon storage in deep soil. Deeply rooted plants may also affect soil hydrology by accessing deep soil water for transpiration, which can affect soil water content and infiltration in deep soil layers, thereby affecting groundwater recharge. Using stable H and O isotope (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) and ³H values, we studied the soil water conditions at 20–30 cm intervals to depths of 2.4–3.6 m in paired fields of switchgrass and shallow rooted crops at three sites in the southern Great Plains of North America. We found that soil under switchgrass had consistently higher soil water content than nearby soil under shallow-rooted annual crops by a margin of 15%–100%. Soil water content and isotopic depth profiles indicated that hydraulic redistribution of deep soil water by switchgrass roots explained these observed soil water differences. To our knowledge, these are the first observations of hydraulic redistribution in deeply rooted grasses, and complement earlier observations of dynamic soil water fluxes under shallow-rooted grasses. Hydraulic redistribution by switchgrass may be a strategy for drought avoidance, wherein the plant may actively prevent water limitation. This raises the possibility that deeply rooted grasses may be used to passively subsidize soil water to more shallow-rooted species in inter-cropping arrangements.     

Effects of clear-cutting,meteorological, and physiological factors on evapotranspiration in the Kamabuchi experimental watershed in northern Japan

This study investigated the effects of clear-cutting and the meteorological and physiological factors on forest evapotranspiration (ET), by using the water-budget method in the Kamabuchi experimental watershed (KMB; 38° 56′ 21″ N, 140° 15′ 58″ E) in northern Japan. Meteorological and discharge data collected during no-snow periods (from June to October) from 1939 were used to compare ET in three sub-watersheds: No. 1, where the forest had been left undisturbed, and No. 2 and No. 3, where Cryptomeria japonica was planted after clear-cutting. Paired watershed experiments revealed that clear-cutting caused ET to decrease by approximately 100 mm yr⁻¹, and this reduction continued for more than 20 years, even after C. japonica was planted. ET fluctuated similarly across all watersheds, regardless of clear-cutting or planting. This fluctuation is mainly caused by solar radiation and temperature. Intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) calculated using δ¹³C of tree-ring cellulose in C. japonica increased due to elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. We estimated annual carbon fixation in a single tree as the annual net photosynthesis (A). Subsequently, transpiration (E) was calculated from the relationship between iWUE and A. The results showed that A and E per tree increased as the tree grew older; however, the trees' responses to increasing c_a suppress the increase in ET. Moreover, the fluctuation of ET from the watershed was small compared to the fluctuation of P during the observation periods because the increase and decrease in E and interception loss complemented each other.     

南秦岭旬阳盆地志留纪黑色岩系与Pb- Zn矿床成矿的关系

南秦岭旬阳盆地中赋存了大量热水沉积型铅锌矿床,矿体主要呈层状、透镜状赋存在志留系梅子垭组和双河镇组中.富有机质的黑色岩系在区内广泛发育,为了探讨志留纪黑色岩系与该区铅锌矿成矿的关系,本文选择南沙沟和关子沟典型铅锌矿床开展研究.与矿石矿物共生的石英δDV-SMOW值分别介于-139‰～-94‰和-129‰～-103‰之间,明显低于矿区内硅质岩的δDV-SMOW值,反映了海水在被加热形成盆地热卤水的过程中很大程度受到了地层中有机质的影响.闪锌矿和方铅矿样品δ34S值分别介于4.5‰～10.7‰(平均7.2‰)和2.7‰～9.5‰(平均6.1‰)之间,硫主要为硫酸盐还原而成,细菌硫酸盐还原作用和热化学硫酸盐还原作用共同影响了硫同位素组成.铅同位素组成具有高放射性铅的特点,与地层铅一致,并且显著区别于结晶基底的铅同位素,反映了铅主要来源于赋矿围岩而不是结晶基底.志留纪南秦岭古海洋中热水沉积成矿作用强烈,盆地热驱动造成海水对流循环并萃取黑色岩系中的成矿物质形成成矿流体,在减压环境下于海底形成层状矿体,在成矿的过程中,富有机质的志留纪黑色岩系对于金属的来源和硫的来源均扮演了至关重要的角色.     

针对IPCC评估报告中海洋碳循环的疑问——δ13C收支平衡法的验证

通过对比IPCC历次评估报告中全球碳循环的收支发现,尽管评估报告在估算各主要碳库及其间的通量时差别不大,但表层至中深层海水间溶解无机碳通量却存在巨大差异。利用δ¹³C的收支平衡检验了这一通量的适用范围,结果表明：IPCC 1996年和2007年评估报告对此通量估计过大,而1990年和2001年评估报告估计偏小。     

皇山矿区铅锌多金属矿地质特征及成矿条件分析

利用阶段地质勘查成果,根据矿区所处区域地质位置,综合矿区地层、构造和岩浆岩发育情况,通过对矿体地质特征的描述、岩浆岩化学成分组成特征及成矿条件分析,指出矿区找矿标志,对今后寻找类似矿床具有一定的指导意义。     

掺Zn球形氢氧化镍的研究

采用化学沉淀法制备球形氢氧化镍,通过对制备条件pH值、添加剂量、搅拌强度的研究,探讨了其对掺Zn球形氢氧化镍     

保定地区锌矿泉水找水方向

本文阐明了地下水流经含锌岩石是锌矿泉水形成的前提。岩浆岩是锌矿泉水的主要产出岩性。构造隆起区的断裂构造能提供锌矿泉水形成的氧化环境、适宜的水动力条件及较高的温度。据此认为，本区锌矿泉水找矿方向是：①太行山区岩浆岩分布区、岩浆岩与围岩接触带；②有岩脉入侵的断裂发育带。重点是锌矿区、锌异常区及外围的断裂带、蚀变带。     

Influence of Heterogeneity of Mechanical Properties on Hydraulic Fracturing in Permeable Rocks

Summary Numerical simulations of circular holes under internal hydraulic pressure are carried out to investigate the hydraulic fracture initiation, propagation and breakdown behavior in rocks. The hydraulic pressure increases at a constant rate. The heterogeneity of the rocks is taken into account in the study by varying the homogeneity index. In addition, the permeability is varied with the states of stress and fracture. The simulations are conducted by using a finite element code, F-RFPA^2D, which couples the flow, stress and damage analyses. The simulation results suggest that the fracture initiation and propagation, the roughness of the fracture path and the breakdown pressure are influenced considerably by the heterogeneity of rocks. The hole diameter elongation and the stress field evolution around the fracture tip during the fracture propagation can also provide useful information for the interpretation of the hydraulic fracturing behaviour.