Groundwater chemistry within a plateau neighboring Matsumoto city,Japan

The change in groundwater chemistry along the groundwater flow path in the Matsumoto tunnel vicinity was studied, and the origin of the groundwater and dissoluted substances was determined. The relationship between the concentration of HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺, and CO₂ gas pressure in the groundwater indicated that the HCO₃ ^–, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ were produced by the reaction of the CO₂ gas in the groundwater and feldspar in the rocks. The relationship between the concentration of NO₃ ^– and the Eh and pH values in the groundwater indicated that in an oxidative condition, ammonia-oxidizing and nitriteoxidizing bacteria used NH₄ ⁺ and produced NO₃ ^– and H⁺, and in a reductive condition, denitrifying bacteria used NO₃ ^– and produced N₂ gas and OH^–. The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratio in the groundwater and precipitation indicated that the groundwater originated from precipitation that had fallen on the area. The concentration of³H and the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios in the groundwater suggested that it has been getting warmer climatically for more than 60 years. The stable carbon isotopic ratio indicated that the HCO₃ ^– in the groundwater, excluding deep well water, originated from CO₂ gas produced by organic matter in the soil. The deep well water, which had a higher concentration of HCO₃ ^– than the other groundwater sampled, was thought to have acquired HCO₃ ^– though contact with rocks. The³⁶Cl/Cl ratio indicated the recharge age of the deep well water sampled at a depth of 760 m at the foot of the plateau was recent.     

δ13C-δ18O Covariance: An Effective Indicator of Hydrological Closure for Lakes?

The correlation between the δ^13C and δ^13C-δ^18O in primary carbonates is affected by several factors such as hydrological balance, total CO2 concentrations, climatic condition and lake productivity. The influence of these factors on the δ^13C-δ^18O correlation may be different on different time scales. In this paper, two different-type lakes in southwestern China, Lake Erhai and Lake Chenghai, are selected to investigate the influence of climatic pattern on the δ^13C-δ^18O correlation and to evaluate the reliability of the δ^13C-δ^18O covariance as an indicator of hydrological closure. The results show that there exists good correlation between the δ^13C and δ^18O in Lake Erhai （overflowing open lake） and in Lake Chenghai （closed lake）. This suggests that the δ^13C-δ^18O covariance may be not an effective indicator of hydrological closure for lakes, especially on short time scales. On the one hand, a hydrologically open lake may display covariant δ^13C and δ^18O as a result of climatic influence. The particular alternate warm-dry and cold-wet climatic pattern in southwestern China may be the principal cause of the δ^13C-δ^18O covariance in Lake Erhai and Lake Chenghai. On the other hand, a hydrologically closed lake unnecessarily displays covariant trends between δ^13C and δ^18O because of the buffering effect of high CO2 concentration on the δ^13C shift in hyper-alkaline lakes. We should be prudent when we use the covariance between δ^13C and δ^18O to judge the hydrological closure of lake.     

The stable isotopes of natural waters at the Marcell Experimental Forest

We present a new data set from the Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) that compiles water isotope measurements from multiple research catchments, some of which have been studied since the 1960s. The MEF is located in northern Minnesota, USA, and is home to heavily studied and monitored forests, streams, bogs, and fens. Peat-forming systems (bogs and fens) are an important component of the MEF landscape and have a profound impact on the water cycle in these catchments. Within the last decade, analysis of stable isotopes of water (expressed as δD and δ¹⁸O) has been implemented to characterize the different components of the water budget, and to allow researchers to look at catchment and peatland-specific hydrologic effects in the watershed. This δD and δ¹⁸O data set of natural waters from MEF catchments is primarily composed of measurements from three peatlands (S1, S2, S6) during an 11-year period. More recently collection and analysis were expanded to also include samples from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) project in the S1 bog, peatlands S3, S4, S5, as well as nearby lakes. We establish a local meteoric water line by analyzing the isotopic composition of precipitation, which fills a void in regional meteoric water lines for Minnesota. Furthermore, we establish baseline isotopic composition for bog outlet streams, bog porewater, aquifer groundwater, overland flow, subsurface stormflow, and snowpack, as well as runoff from the SPRUCE experimental chambers. These data are publicly available and will be expanded upon in the future.     

Vegetation water sources in California's Sierra Nevada (USA) are young and change over time,a multi-isotope (δ18O, δ2H, 3H) tracer approach.

Sierra Nevada forests transpire a significant amount of California's water resources, sparking interest in applying forest management to improve California's water supply. Determining the source water of evapotranspiration enables forest managers to make informed decisions. To this end, a significant interest in critical zone science is to develop new methods to work across time scales to predict subsurface water storage and use. In this study, forest vegetation accessed young water and switched sources depending on availability, suggesting that forest drought vulnerability may depend on the range of water sources available (rain, snowmelt and deeply stored water). This finding also suggests that changes in transpiration rates may have immediate effects on water sources in close proximity to vegetation, and delayed effects on storage and runoff. New δ¹⁸O, δ²H and ³H data were used to track precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration and storage through the critical zone seasonally, including seasons where evapotranspiration and snowmelt were in phase (winter snowmelt) and out of phase (seasonally dry summer). The main source of this headwater catchment's runoff is derived from its meadow saturated zone water, which was dominated by snowmelt. Water that originated as snowmelt contributed to transpiration, unless other sources, such as recent rain, became available. In cases where xylem δ¹⁸O and δ²H signatures matched those of deeper saturated zone water, ³H data showed that xylem water was distinctly younger than the deep saturated zone water. During 2016, which experienced relatively normal snowpack in winter and seasonally dry summer conditions, mean summer saturated zone water and vegetation water were similar in δ¹⁸O, −12.4 ± 0.04 ‰ and − 12.5 ± 0.3 ‰, respectively, but were distinctly different in ³H, 5.5 ± 0.2 pCi/L and 13.7 ± 1.1 pCi/L, respectively. While δ¹⁸O shows that vegetation and meadow saturated zone water have similar origins, ³H shows they have dissimilar ages.     

Anomalous drip in the Punkva caves (Moravian Karst): relevant implications for paleoclimatic proxies

The anomalous drip in the Punkva caves (Moravian Karst) shows specific hydrogeochemical properties such as low SI_calcite ~ 0.14 ± 0.11 (standard deviation), low mineralization (4.53 ± 0.42) × 10^?3 mol l^?1, and enhanced values of δ¹³C (?7.85 to ?8.35‰ VPDB), Mg/Ca × 1000 ratio (45.7 ± 3.3), and Sr/Ca × 1000 ratio (0.65 ± 0.06). By these properties, the anomalous drip significantly differs from other regular drips in the same cave and other caves in the region. The study suggests that the anomalous drip properties are a consequence of prior calcite precipitation or/and water mixing along the water flow path. As the former processes are spatially controlled, the knowledge of dripwater flow path seems to be necessary for correct paleoclimatic/paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

15N示踪技术在湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究中的应用进展

稳定性同位素技术是现代生态学研究中的一门应用技术,它几乎在生态学研究的各个领域都有着广泛的应用。其中¹⁵N技术由于具有示踪和区分氮素物质的源与去向等优越性而在生态系统氮循环研究中发挥了极为重要的作用。文章主要从湿地氮素的输入过程、转化过程以及归趋过程三方面综述了该技术在当前国内外湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究中的应用进展,特别指出当前基于该技术的湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究尚缺乏一定的系统性、深入性和广泛性。最后,文章就该技术在湿地氮素生物地球化学过程研究中的应用前景进行了展望研究。     

Characteristics of δ13CDIC in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau and its implications for the carbon cycle

Dissolved inorganic carbon isotope (δ¹³C_DIC) is an important tool to reveal the carbon cycle in lake systems. However, there are only few studies focusing on the spatial variation of δ¹³C_DIC of closed lakes. Here we analyze the characteristics of δ¹³C_DIC of 24 sampled lakes (mainly closed lakes) across the Qiangtang Plateau (QTP) and identify the driving factors for its spatial variation. The δ¹³C_DIC value of these observed lakes varies in the range of ? 15·0 to 3·2‰, with an average value of ? 1·2‰. The δ¹³C_DIC value of closed lakes is close to the atmospheric isotopic equilibrium value, much higher than that in rivers and freshwater lakes reported before. The high δ¹³C_DIC value of closed lakes is mainly attributed to the significant contribution of carbonate weathering in the catchment and the evasion of dissolved CO₂ induced by the strong evaporation of lake water. The δ¹³C_DIC value of closed lakes has a logarithmic correlation with water chemistry (TDS, DIC and pCO₂), also suggesting that the evapo‐concentration of lake water can influence the δ¹³C_DIC value. The δ¹³C_DIC value shows two opposite logarithmic correlations with lake size depending on the δ¹³C_DIC range. This study suggests that the δ¹³C in carbonates in lacustrine sediments can be taken as an indicator of lake volume variation in closed lakes on QTP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用有孔虫壳体B/Ca比值再造古海水pH值及[CO3（2-）]的潜力

有孔虫壳体B/Ca比值是一个极具潜力并且受到广泛关注的古海洋学方法,适用于恢复古海水pH值及[CO23-]。对于表层水,在一定条件下可以再造大气CO2浓度;对于深层水,可以指示洋流变化及水团变迁。且与硼同位素方法相比较,B/Ca比值分析更简易、稳定性更好,受溶解及沉积埋藏作用影响小,因而更适合于高分辨率的古海洋学分析。...     

Upper Campanian-Maastrichtian nannofossil biostratigraphy and high-resolution carbon-isotope stratigraphy of the Danish Basin: Towards a standard δC curve for the Boreal Realm

High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy of the upper Campanian-Maastrichtian is recorded in the Boreal Realm from a total of 1968 bulk chalk samples of the Stevns-1 core, eastern Denmark. Isotopic trends are calibrated by calcareous nannofossil bio-events and are correlated with a lower-resolution δ¹³C profile from Rørdal, northwestern Denmark. A quantitative approach is used to test the reliability of Upper Cretaceous nannofossil bio-events and provides accurate biohorizons for the correlation of δ¹³C profiles. The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (CMB) is identified through the correlation of dinoflagellate biostratigraphy and δ¹³C stratigraphy between Stevns-1 and the Global boundary Standard Stratotype-section and Point at Tercis les Bains (SW France), allowing the identification of new chemical and biostratigraphic markers that provide a precise placement of the stage boundary on a regional scale. The boundary interval corresponds to the third phase of a stepwise 0.8‰ negative δ¹³C excursion, lies in calcareous nannofossil subzone UC16d^BP, and encompasses the last occurrence of nannofossil Tranolithus stemmerikii and first occurrence of nannofossil Prediscosphaera mgayae. Fifteen δ¹³C events are defined and correlated to sixteen reliable nannofossil biohorizons, thus providing a well-calibrated standard high-resolution δ¹³C curve for the Boreal Realm.     

长江口沉积物碳氮元素地球化学特征及有机质来源分析

根据对长江口水下三角洲上部(CJ16)和口门浅滩(CJ19)柱状样的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和有机碳同位素(δ13C)以及长江口表层样TOC的测定,得出其粒度及碳氮元素特征,利用C/N和δ13C分析有机质来源及不同来源的贡献率。研究结果表明:(1)沉积物中有机碳含量在0.19%～1.17%之间,CJ16柱中有机碳含量比CJ19柱略高;总氮含量均比较少,且变化幅度小;C/N比值在5～17间变化;CJ16柱的δ13C值在24.70‰～22.86‰间变化,CJ19柱为24.88‰～22.37‰,且CJ19柱δ13C值在36 cm以上段较下段明显增大,推测可能与南汇边滩互花米草(C4植物)的引种有关;(2)长江口表层沉积物TOC的含量范围为0.17%～1.16%,平均值为0.52%;(3)粒度特征显示长江口主要以粉砂和粘土为主,砂含量较少,粒度与长江口TN、TOC含量有较好的相关性;(4)C/N和δ13C值的特征均显示该区有机质为陆源和海洋混合,利用C/N比值估算出来自陆源的有机碳比例在CJ16柱约为40%,而在CJ19柱中约为60%;根据δ13C值估算出CJ16柱陆源和海源两种有机质来源几乎是各占一半的比例,CJ19柱来自陆源的有机碳占总有机碳的60%,与用C/N比值法测得的结果较一致。上述结果显示长江口的不同空间位置碳氮元素分布特征不同,沉积记录受到粒度、河口区物源的影响,还受到陆源和海源不同有机质来源输入的影响。