湘中龙山大型金锑矿床成矿时代研究——黄铁矿Re-Os和锆石U-Th/He定年

龙山金锑矿床是湘中锑-金矿集区最重要的矿床之一,因缺少适合传统放射性同位素定年的矿物,其成矿时代以往未得到很好的限定,制约了对矿床成因的认识。由于分析测试技术的进步,Re-Os同位素定年技术得到了发展,可对热液矿床中形成的低Re、Os含量的硫化物进行较准确可靠的年龄测定,从而可为低温热液矿床的形成时代提供有效制约。锆石U-Th/He同位素定年,也是近年发展和成熟起来的定年技术,对低温热事件极其敏感,同样是约束低温成矿年龄的重要手段之一。本文采用矿床中黄铁矿Re-Os同位素和蚀变围岩中受成矿热事件影响的锆石U-Th/He同位素定年技术,对龙山金锑矿床的成矿时代进行了研究。定年结果显示:热液成因黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为195±36Ma,对应于印支晚期;锆石U-Th/He年龄为51.2~133.3Ma,经Ft校正后,U-Th/He年龄分布于93.78~258.29Ma之间,平均值为160.7±7.3Ma,对应于燕山早期。该矿床可能发生了200Ma和160Ma的两次成矿作用;或者矿床形成于200Ma左右,但是受到了160Ma左右岩浆热事件的改造,黄铁矿Re-Os年龄代表成矿年龄,而锆石U-Th/He年龄则代表第二期热事件发生的时间。无论是200Ma左右一次成矿,还是另有160Ma左右的成矿作用叠加,这两个年龄分别与区内两期岩浆活动的时间相当,这表明岩浆事件对驱动矿床的形成发挥了重要的作用。     

延边开山屯花岗闪长岩-石英闪长岩体年代学、地球化学特征及对古太平洋板块俯冲作用时限的制约

近年来古太平洋构造域的构造演化备受学者关注。本文报道的延边开山屯地区花岗闪长岩-石英闪长岩体LAICP-MS U-Pb年龄表明其形成时间为早侏罗世早期(198±1Ma),所采样品可根据Zr/Hf值分为高Zr/Hf值组花岗闪长岩和低Zr/Hf值组石英闪长岩。高Zr/Hf值组花岗闪长岩起源深度浅,富集Rb、Th、U、K等大离子亲石元素(LILEs),贫Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs),具壳源岩浆的特点。低Zr/Hf值组为壳源岩浆与来自深部的亏损地幔岩浆混合而成,岩石亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ti等高场强元素,具有典型的弧型岩浆地球化学特征。岩体中存在细粒闪长质包体,镜下可见针柱状磷灰石。开山屯岩体属钙碱性系列岩石,结合前人资料,认为其与该地区同时代火成岩组成北-东向分布的早侏罗世活动大陆边缘型火成岩带,而位于该带西侧的小兴安岭-张广才岭地区存在同时代弧后拉张带,两者构成典型的大陆弧与弧后拉张带模型,共同揭示了早侏罗世早期古太平洋板块对东北地区的俯冲作用。     

乌兰哈达变质岩地层地热勘探井钻头选择与取心工艺

内蒙古自治区察右后旗乌兰哈达苏木地热勘探井井深2006.87 m。采用石油30型钻机施工,钻遇地层大部分为变质岩,达1500 m以上,对牙轮钻头损坏严重,同时施工要求进行18次岩心采取。经过对钻头的试用、选择,最后选用HJ637G型牙轮钻头,钻进时效可达0.8～1.2 m,使用寿命可达到80～100 h。取心段采用川7-4型双管单动取心筒配合金刚石钻头,岩心采取率可达70%～95%。     

青蛤(Cyclina sinensis) TRAF6基因克隆及其在Poly I:C胁迫下的免疫应答

对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)转录组文库筛选并克隆得到青蛤TRAF6(Cs TRAF6)基因的c DNA序列,其开放阅读框为2337bp,编码778个氨基酸,分子量为86.59k Da。Cs TRAF6蛋白包含RING型锌指结构,两个TRAF型锌指结构,coiled-coil结构域以及MATH结构域。经生物信息学及分子系统学分析表明Cs TRAF6属于TRAF6家族的一员。利用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测了Cs TRAF6基因在青蛤各个组织以及在Poly I:C侵染下在血淋巴中的时序性表达情况。结果表明,Cs TRAF6基因在青蛤血淋巴、闭壳肌、鳃、性腺、外套膜和肝脏中普遍表达,其中在血淋巴中的表达水平最高。在Poly I:C刺激后的3h,青蛤血淋巴中Cs TRAF6的表达量迅速升高,在6h达到最大值,说明青蛤的Cs TRAF6基因参与了病毒类似物侵染下的免疫应答反应。     

Features and evaluation of sea/saltwater intrusion in southern Laizhou Bay

Understanding the degree of sea/saltwater intrusion in coastal regions is of great significance to treating the intrusion and improving the environment. Based on the character analysis of the sea/saltwater intrusion, five factors were selected in the fuzzy-synthetical evaluation approach to form the index system, so as to evaluate the degree of sea/saltwater intrusion in southern Laizhou Bay. The results show that the sea/saltwater intrusion is stronger in the middle and northern areas and weaker on the sides and in southern area; currently, the intrusion is relatively serious, and the intrusion area has covered about 68.2% of the areas under study, among which the heavily intruded area is over 50%. Based on the factors analysis of the occurrence and development of sea/saltwater intrusion, the thesis proposes treatment measures.     

基于HJ-1A/1B的2014年黄海海域浒苔灾害时空分布

自2007年以来, 黄海海域每年的5月初～8月中下旬浒苔(Ulva prolifera)会周期性地暴发与消亡,导致海洋生态环境被破坏以及经济损失。利用2014 年的HJ-1A/1B遥感影像, 利用神经网络监督分类及RULE规则影像重分类动态阈值法, 对2014年的浒苔的漂移路径、各时期影响的海域面积、分布面积以及暴发高峰期的最大面积进行了动态监测。结果表明, 2014年浒苔持续时间为101 d, 5月中旬开始在江苏省盐城市近海出现零星斑点, 分布面积为2.299 km², 影响面积为1 744.799 km²; 6月初到6月中旬浒苔广泛分布于黄海海域, 分布面积扩大至1 367.145 km², 达到当年的峰值; 从6月下旬开始, 浒苔进入衰退期, 浒苔分布面积、相对聚集密度均急剧缩小, 但影响面积的峰值出现在该时期; 8月初消亡于青岛附近海岸, 8月20日遥感影像已难以监测到浒苔的存在。2014年黄海海域浒苔经过了“出现—发展—暴发—衰退—消亡”5个发展阶段。     

青藏高原东北部降尘通量及粒度特征分析

青藏高原东北缘是柴达木沙尘暴东移的必经之道和沉降区,对青藏高原东北部降尘时空分异特征进行分析,有助于认识青藏高原区域粉尘输送的现代过程和机制。2013年12月至2015年5月分别在青海湖小泊湖(XBH)、西宁多巴(DB)、西宁青海师大科技楼顶(KJLD)设置降尘缸,进行湿法收集。对其降尘通量和粒度特征进行了时空分异特征分析,结果显示,1)西宁地区2014年降尘通量为442~542 g/m~2·a,青海湖XBH采集点指示的2014年降尘通量为415 g/m~2·a,降尘通量年际变化较大,各站点降尘通量季节变化趋势一致,降尘主要集中在冬春季,夏季降尘通量最低;2)各站点降尘粒度组成特征非常相似,以粉砂为主(4~63μm),西宁地区尘暴与非尘暴降尘粒度频率曲线呈近似正态分布,尘暴期间降尘粒径较非尘暴时段大;3)XBH、DB和KJLD 3点所有样品平均粒径分别为37μm、34μm和31μm,中值粒径分别为31μm、27μm和26μm;对比低海拔兰州尘暴粒径特征,发现降尘粒径存在一定的海拔依赖性,即粒度随海拔增高逐渐变粗。     

Hispanic Immigrants' Vulnerabilities to Flood and Hurricane Hazards in Two United States Metropolitan Areas

Research reveals that disasters are disproportionately debilitating for marginalized social groups. Numerous studies have examined racial/ethnic dimensions of disaster vulnerability, but few have focused on Hispanic immigrants. More research on Hispanic immigrants is needed, since they constitute a major component of the Hispanic population—the largest and fastest‐growing minority group in the U.S.—and because they experience distinctive cultural and immigration status disadvantages. We examine the flood/hurricane vulnerabilities of Hispanic immigrants in comparison to U.S.–born Hispanics and non‐Hispanic whites. Using mixed methods to analyze data from 429 surveys and 31 interviews with residents living in flood zones, we examine differences in self‐protective action, risk perception, and hazard knowledge between the three groups in Houston and Miami. Hispanic immigrants exhibited lower levels of self‐protection and hazard knowledge, and higher perceptions of risk, which reflects their heightened vulnerability. Risk‐reduction programs should target the particular vulnerabilities of Hispanic immigrants, and future studies should examine their vulnerabilities in other contexts.     

Dynamics and role of the Durban cyclonic eddy in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight ecosystem

The semi-permanent Durban Eddy is a mesoscale, lee-trapped, cold-core cyclonic circulation that occurs off the east coast of South Africa between Durban in the north and Sezela, some 70 km to the south. When present, strong north-eastward countercurrents reaching 100 cm s^–1 are found inshore. It is hypothesised that the cyclone is driven by the strong south-westward flowing Agulhas Current offshore of the regressing shelf edge near Durban. Analysis of ADCP data and satellite imagery shows the eddy to be present off Durban approximately 55% of the time, with an average lifespan of 8.6 days, and inter-eddy periods of 4 to 8 days. After spin-up the eddy breaks loose from its lee position and propagates downstream on the inshore boundary of the Agulhas Current. The eddy is highly variable in occurrence, strength and downstream propagation speeds. There is no detectable seasonal cycle in eddy occurrence, with the Natal Pulse causing more variability than any seasonal signal. A thermistor array deployed in the eddy centre, together with ship CTD data, indicates upward doming of the thermal structure in the eddy core associated with cooler water and nutrients being moved higher in the water column, stimulating primary production. Together with the use of satellite imagery, our findings indicate a second mechanism of upwelling, viz. divergent upwelling in the northern limb of the eddy. Satellite-tracked surface drifters released in the eddy demonstrated the potential for nutrient-rich eddy water to be transported northwards along the inshore regions of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Bight, thus contributing to the functioning of the bight ecosystem, as well as southwards along the KZN and Transkei coasts – both by the eddy migrating downstream and by eddy water being recirculated into the inshore boundary of the Agulhas Current itself.     

Role of heterogeneities in jointing (fracturing) of geological media: Numerical analysis of fracture mechanisms

Fracture process is investigated using finite-difference simulations with a new constitutive model. It is shown that both geometry and fracture mechanism itself depend on the preexisting heterogeneities that are stress concentrators. In the brittle regime (low pressure, P), Mode-I fractures propagate normal to the least stress σ₃ from the imposed weak zones. At high P, shear deformation bands are formed oblique to σ₃. At intermediate values of P, the fracture process involves both shear banding and tensile cracking and results in the initiation and propagation of pure dilation bands. The propagating band tip undulates, reacting on the failure mechanism changes, but its global orientation is normal to σ₃. The σ₃-normal fractures are joints. There are thus two types of joints resulting from Mode-I cracking and dilation banding, respectively. The obtained numerical results are in good agreement with and explain the results from previous similar experimental study.