定量分析几种Q矢量

结合1991年7月5日20:00～6日20:00一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程，从台站实际业务工作需要考虑，细致、具体地比较分析了850 hPa、700 hPa及500 hPa 3个层次的准地转 Q 矢量散度场、半地转 Q 矢量散度场、非地转 Q 矢量散度场及湿 Q 矢量散度场与相应时刻地面降水场对应关系的差异，同时还针对每一种 Q 矢量，将其在850 hPa、700 hPa及500 hPa 3个层次的散度场对同时刻降水场的反映能力进行了比较。在定量比较的基础上，得到了对4种 Q 矢量诊断特性的具体认识:（1）在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中，3个层次的半地转 Q 矢量散度场及准地转 Q 矢量散度场对雨区的反映能力较小，而非地转 Q 矢量的散度场和湿 Q 矢量的散度场对雨区的反映能力明显较前二者大，尤其是湿 Q 矢量散度场在每个层次的诊断能力基本都大于相应层次的其它 Q 矢量的散度场。（2）对于每一种 Q 矢量而言，基本都是在700 hPa的散度场与雨区的对应关系好于各自在850 hPa和500 hPa的散度场，尤其是700 hPa湿 Q 矢量散度辐合场对同时刻梅雨锋暴雨的强度及落区都有很好的指示作用。最后，基于理论的角度对各 Q 矢量的诊断特性进行了较为深入地探讨和比较分析，明确地指出了4种 Q 矢量存在理论前提上的差异。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地大气气溶胶散射特征研究

利用沙漠腹地塔中气象站积分浊度计的2004年观测资料,结合同期PM10质量浓度、能见度和常规气象资料,分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地气溶胶散射系数的变化特征,以及气溶胶散射系数与PM10质量浓度、能见度的关系。研究表明,2004年塔中气溶胶散射系数、PM10质量浓度、能见度日平均值分别为124.74±187.30 Mm-1,538.9±841.7 μg·m-3,12 748±7 274 m。塔中气溶胶散射系数小时平均值出现频率最高的区间主要在100 Mm-1以下,中午气溶胶散射系数小,早晚气溶胶散射系数大;冬春两季的凌晨空气中含有较多的粒子,气溶胶散射系数较大;气溶胶散射系数小时平均值与PM10质量浓度变化规律基本一致,2004年1—6月的气溶胶质量散射系数平均值为0.37 m2·g-1;散射系数与能见度日平均值非线性相关较好,两者呈负幂函数关系。     

2015年2月21日内蒙古风雪沙尘天气特征

利用高空、地面常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,针对2015年2月21日内蒙古中部阴山北麓地区暴风雪转强沙尘暴天气,进行了对比分析。结果表明:该次天气过程受强冷空气影响,由高空蒙古冷涡迅速发展加强产生。地面冷锋形成降雪,锋区风力较大,形成了暴风雪,随后受副冷锋影响,风力明显增强,产生沙尘暴天气。暴风雪与沙尘暴差异表现在:(1)冷涡、冷锋是主要影响系统,但天气系统影响部位不同,暴风雪多发生在锋区及暖区中,沙尘暴多发生在锋区后部的强冷平流控制区中。(2)水汽条件差异明显,暴风雪相对湿度需要大于70%,沙尘暴相对湿度小于30%。(3)大气层结需求不同,暴风雪对不稳定层结要求不高,沙尘暴对不稳定层结和深厚的混合层有较高的要求。(4)暴风雪发生时气温骤降,沙尘暴发生时温度缓慢持续下降。     

车辆碾压作用下戈壁地表起尘浓度

通过野外观测车辆碾压作用下戈壁地表PM₁₀释放浓度,探讨其主要影响因素。针对戈壁区砾石、砂砾、砂质和砂土4种路面类型,应用TSI粉尘仪多次重复观测车辆碾压产生的PM₁₀浓度,进而阐明碾压次数、车速和地表水分等因素对起尘浓度的影响。结果表明：4种路面的平均起尘浓度依次为5.339、9.089、16.944、50.251 mg·m^-3,是自然状态下的5~50倍;起尘浓度随碾压次数增多而增大,其中砂土路情况下的增长最显著;随土层厚度的增大呈现出幂函数的增长趋势;降雨后路面起尘浓度显著减小,且降雨量会影响降雨后起尘浓度的变化趋势。最后提出了针对性的建议和措施以减弱车辆碾压导致的戈壁地表起尘。     

烟台海域海岛自动站大风对比试验

烟台北部面临黄、渤海,海岛自动站分布众多.我们发现,在同一大风过程中,各海岛自动站的风速、风向因为海拔高度、周围地形影响、下垫面摩擦的不同造成明显差异.本文主要以长岛作为渤海海峡大风的代表站,以崆峒岛和芝罘岛作为烟台北部沿海海域大风的代表站,利用便携自动站的观测数据近似代表海面大风的实况,与代表站进行大风的对比试验,对比试验的数据均采用指数廓线公式订正到海面10m高度.分析了三个海岛自动站的不同风向下的海面大风的实际代表性,并给出不同风向下的大风订正值.     

Solar modulation of cosmogenic nuclide production over the last millennium: comparison between C and Be records

For about the last 30 years it has been recognized that the high frequency component of the tree rings ¹⁴C/¹²C record is dominated by the modulation of the cosmic ray flux by the solar wind. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the three most recent periods of low sunspot occurrence were characterized by high values of atmospheric ¹⁴C/¹²C. During the last millennium other periods of high ¹⁴C/¹²C values were observed but their solar origin is still debatable. In the present work we compare these fluctuations with an independent record of cosmogenic ¹⁰Be measured in ice from the South Pole to check the solar origin of the observed ¹⁴C/¹²C variations. In order to compare quantitatively the results obtained on ¹⁰Be and ¹⁴C, it is necessary to take into account the different behaviour of these two cosmogenic isotopes, and especially the damping effect of the carbon cycle in the case of ¹⁴C. As an input to a 12-box numerical model we used the relative fluctuations of the ¹⁰Be concentrations record measured in South Pole ice and converted it into a synthetic ¹⁴C record. We took into account the fact that ¹⁰Be modulation is enhanced in polar regions due to the orientation of the geomagnetic field. As expected, the fluctuations of the modelled ¹⁴C record are much smaller (a factor of 20) than those observed for the raw ¹⁰Be record. In addition, the variations are smoother and shifted in time by a few decades. The ¹⁰Be-based ¹⁴C variations closely resemble the ¹⁴C measurements obtained on tree rings (R = 0.81). In particular, it is easy to identify periods of maximal ¹⁴C/¹²C which correspond to solar activity minima centred at about 1060, 1320 (Wolf), 1500 (Spörer), 1690 (Maunder) and 1820 (Dalton) yr A.D. Cross-correlation calculations suggest that there is no significant lag between the ¹⁰Be-based ¹⁴C and the tree-ring ¹⁴C records. Our study strongly suggests the dominance of the solar modulation on the cosmonuclide production variations during the last millennium.     

Probing subparsec structure in the Lyman α forest with gravitational microlensing

We present the results of microlens ray-tracing simulations showing the effect of absorbing material between a source quasar and a lensing galaxy in a gravitational lens system. We find that, in addition to brightness fluctuations due to microlensing, the strength of the absorption line relative to the continuum varies with time, with the properties of the variations depending on the structure of the absorbing material. We conclude that such variations will be measurable via ultraviolet spectroscopy of image A of the gravitationally lensed quasar Q2237+0305 if the Lyman α clouds between the quasar and the lensing galaxy possess structure on scales smaller than ∼0.1 pc. The time-scale for the variations is on the order of years to decades, although very short-term variability can occur. While the Lyman α lines may not be accessible at all wavelengths, this approach is applicable to any absorption system, including metal lines.     

Paleoenvironment evolution of the East Philippine Sea recorded in the new-type ferromanganese crust since the terminal Late Miocene

From systemic research of microstructure, geochemistry, uranium-series and 10Be isotope dating on a new-type deepwater ferromanganese crust from the East Philippine Sea, the paleoenvironment evolu-tion of the target area since the terminal Late Miocene was recovered. The vertical section changes of microstructure and chemical composition are consistent in the studied crust, which indicate three major accretion periods and corresponding paleoenvironment evolution of the crust. The bottom crust zone was formed in the terminal Late Miocene (5.6 Ma) with loose microstructure, high detritus content and high growth rate. Reductions of mineral element content, accretion rate and positive Ce-anomaly degree at 4.6 Ma indicate temporal warming, which went against the crust accretion and finally formed an accretion gap in the terminal Middle Pliocene (2.8―2.7 Ma). The more active Antarctic bottom sea-waters in the Late Pliocene (2.7 Ma) facilitated the fast transfer to the top pure crust zone. Hereafter, with the further apart of volcanic source and the keeping increase of eolian material (1.0 Ma), although surrounding conditions were still favorable, mineral element content still shows an obvious reducing trend. It thereby offers new carrier and data for the unclear paleoceanographic research of the target area since the terminal Late Miocene.