GRB 170817A的洛伦兹因子和观测角

伴随着引力波事件GW170817的短暴GRB (Gamma-Ray Burst) 170817A首次提供了双中子星并合与短暴相联系的直接证据.但是短暴GRB 170817A具有非常弱的光度,意味着观测的视线方向可能偏离喷流轴方向.根据短暴静止系的峰值能量E_(p,i)和各向同性光度L_(iso)。之间的关系以及洛伦兹因子Γ和L_(iso)。之间的关系估算了短暴GRB 170817A以及长短暴GRB 060614观测角与喷流边缘的夹角θ'_(obs)和洛伦兹因子Γ,结果表明GRB 170817A的Γ=45±27,θ'_(obs)=2.2±0.5°,而GRB 060614的Γ=214±93,θ'_(obs)=0.5±0.1°.这个结果相当于GRB 170817A的正轴各向同性光度L_(iso,on)=(2.1±0.7)×10~(49) erg·s~(-1),比典型的短暴少2-3个数量级.GRB 060614的L_(iso,on)=(5.12±1.91)×10~(51) erg·s~(-1)与典型短暴相当.这意味着GRB 060614可能属于短暴类型,而GRB 170817A可能本质上就是一个弱暴.     

边带分离型超导SIS接收机本振耦合噪声研究

超导SIS (Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor)接收机因极低的接收机噪声温度成为毫米波和亚毫米波段射电天文观测的首选.本振系统耦合噪声也是接收机噪声的一部分,在多年的天文观测中,发现本振耦合噪声无法完全忽略,对天文观测的灵敏度有一定影响.采用两个不同种类的信号发生器作为本振系统初级信号源,测试了超导SIS接收机的噪声温度,发现信号发生器输出的基底噪声能够耦合到接收机内部,从而增加接收机噪声强度.分析研究了本振系统热噪声和信号发生器基底噪声对接收机噪声的影响.通过在信号发生器输入端加入窄带滤波器滤除其基底噪声,消除了信号发生器基底噪声引入的接收机噪声,降低了接收机的整体噪声,提高了望远镜的灵敏度.     

人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响评估

河湖水系承载着人类赖以生存的水资源,也支撑着经济社会的可持续发展。在自然因素和人类活动双重影响下,河湖水系不断发生着改变,也影响着人类生存和发展。特别是在人类活动日益剧烈的背景下,研究人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响是一个非常重要的科研问题,也是河湖水系连通工程实践的一个关键问题。本文从自然和人工两个方面分析了河湖水系连通的影响因素,阐述了人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响过程,并从河湖水系连通关系、河湖水系功能（自然角度）、河湖水系连通功能（社会角度）三个方面归纳了人类活动的正负面影响;在此基础上,提出了有针对性的影响量化评估方法,便于宏观角度量化和分析人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响。本研究以人类活动剧烈的淮河流域为实例应用,分析了人类活动对淮河水系的影响评价结果。     

Burial and exhumation of the Hoh Xil Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau: Constraints from detrital (U-Th)/He ages

The uplift and associated exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau has been widely considered a key control of Cenozoic global cooling. The south-central parts of this plateau experienced rapid exhumation during the Cretaceous–Palaeocene periods. When and how the northern part was exhumed, however, remains controversial. The Hoh Xil Basin (HXB) is the largest late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary basin in the northern part, and it preserves the archives of the exhumation history. We present detrital apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He data from late Cretaceous–Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of the western and eastern HXB. These data, combined with regional geological constraints and interpreted with inverse and forward model of sediment deposition and burial reheating, suggest that the occurrence of ca. 4–2.7 km and ca. 4–2.3 km of vertical exhumation initiated at ca. 30–25 Ma and 40–35 Ma in the eastern and western HXB respectively. The initial differential exhumation of the eastern HXB and the western HXB might be controlled by the oblique subduction of the Qaidam block beneath the HXB. The initial exhumation timing in the northern Tibetan Plateau is younger than that in the south-central parts. This reveals an episodic exhumation of the Tibetan Plateau compared to models of synchronous Miocene exhumation of the entire plateau and the early Eocene exhumation of the northern Tibetan Plateau shortly after the India–Asia collision. One possible mechanism to account for outward growth is crustal shortening. A simple model of uplift and exhumation would predict a maximum of 0.8 km of surface uplift after upper crustal shortening during 30–27 Ma, which is insufficient to explain the high elevations currently observed. One way to increase elevation without changing exhumation rates and to decouple uplift from upper crustal shortening is through the combined effects of continental subduction, mantle lithosphere removal and magmatic inflation.     

生物土壤结皮铁代谢微生物组成及其功能基因对演替的响应

采用微生物宏基因组学微阵列GeoChip 5.0技术,选择腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区不同年代人工固沙植被区的生物土壤结皮（BSC）为对象,分析BSC演替过程中参与铁代谢的功能微生物组成及其功能基因变化特征,研究微生物铁代谢对BSC演替的响应及调控。结果表明：真菌参与铁吸收和转运过程,古菌参与铁转运和贮存过程,细菌则在铁代谢吸收、转运和贮存过程中均起主要调控作用。门水平上,BSC铁代谢功能微生物组成变化对演替的响应不敏感,BSC铁代谢微生物主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）。BSC铁代谢功能基因多样性的显著提高和三类铁代谢过程基因信号强度达到最高水平需要经过61 a的演替。调控BSC铁吸收过程的主要功能基因为亚铁氧化酶编码基因iro;调控原核生物铁转运过程的主要功能基因,为羟基苯甲酰丝氨酸铁外膜转运体编码基因cirA和Fe（Ⅱ）转运蛋白编码基因feoB,真菌铁转运过程主要依靠含铁细胞转运体和铁氧化酶高亲和力的作用;调控铁贮存过程的主要功能基因为固定相类核蛋白编码基因dps。在BSC演替阶段末期,上述铁代谢功能基因强度的显著增加促进了微生物的铁代谢潜能。干旱、半干旱荒漠生态系统植被恢复过程中微生物铁代谢潜能的恢复需要较长时间。     

浙江省县域旅游经济增长的空间溢出效应

论文以浙江省65个县域单元为例,综合运用探索性空间数据分析和空间杜宾模型,实证了2004—2016年浙江省县域旅游经济增长及其影响因素的空间溢出效应。结果表明:① 研究期内浙江省县域旅游经济整体表现出较强的空间依赖性,局部空间关联类型以高—高和低—低集聚为主,高—高集聚区主要位于中心市区,低—低集聚区主要位于浙西和浙南等地。旅游经济增长的空间自相关性表明考察其演化路径时不可忽视空间效应的存在。② 浙江省县域入境和国内旅游经济增长均存在显著的空间溢出效应,本地入境和国内旅游经济每增长1%,将会带动邻近县域入境和国内旅游经济分别增长0.192%和0.249%。经济发展水平、旅游资源禀赋、旅游基础设施和区位交通条件等均具有显著的空间溢出效应,忽视旅游经济增长的空间效应,将会高估这些因素的作用强度。③ 驱动旅游经济增长的各影响因素的作用强度和影响路径存在显著差异,未来应充分关注入境和国内旅游经济增长的空间依赖特征,将驱动旅游经济增长的各因素齐抓并举,方可实现县域旅游经济的高质量发展。     

2007-2016年四川省土壤干旱时空动态分析

四川作为农业大省,旱灾是导致农业减产最主要的因素。通过遥感和GIS手段进行四川省土壤干旱程度的时空分析,提高干旱的空间可视化程度,加强干旱监测的时效性尤为重要。本研究基于四川省2007—2016年逐季度的MODIS数据和1961—2011年40个气象站的月降水资料,采用温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)计算得到四川省干旱等级分布情况,辅以标准化降雨指数(SPI)进行相关性分析,并通过线性回归、反距离权重空间插值、GIS空间分析模型重建等方法,分析近十年来四川省地区以季度为时间尺度的土壤干旱时空变化特征,制作各时相土壤干旱分布图展示其微变化。结果表明:(1)在月时间尺度上,SPI-1与TVDI呈中等至强负相关关系,即TVDI值越小,SPI值越大,干旱程度越轻;验证结果表明TVDI都能够较好地对四川省的干旱空间分布状况进行反映。(2)四川省各区域、各季节干旱分布不均:空间上,干旱频发的区域集中在四川盆地及攀西南部区域。时间上,在春季,四川盆地区域的土壤干旱程度大致呈现加剧—持续—减缓的趋势;夏季,四川盆地的干旱变化趋势是加剧—减缓—加剧;秋季,四川盆地的干旱变化趋势是加剧—减缓—持续减缓;冬季,全川干旱程度变化不明显。本文的研究结果对四川省开展农业防灾减灾,引导农业灌溉具有指导意义。     

长江三角洲全新世沉积物光释光测年研究

长江三角洲是研究古海岸沉积环境演化的理想区域。选取长江三角洲平原一支长岩芯钻孔上部55 m层位的沉积物进行光释光(optically stimulated luminescence,OSL)测年研究。根据沉积物粒度特性,在实验前处理过程中,提取100~200 μm或63~100 μm粗颗粒石英矿物进行OSL测年。测年样品的预热坪与剂量恢复实验表明选择180℃作为预热条件较为合适,石英OSL信号衰退曲线以快组分为主。条件实验结果、等效剂量分布以及各测片的循环比、热转移等方法学层面的实验结果表明,OSL测年技术对该孔的沉积物测年具有适应性和可靠性。通过年代—深度关系模型,建立该段地层中全新世以来的年龄框架。依据该孔的年代地层序列并结合前人工作,探讨全新世以来长江三角洲的沉积演化。     

Correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events over AD 1525–2000

ENSO is an interannual mode which may be affected by external forcing, such as volcanic eruptions. Based on the reconstructed volcanic eruptions chronology and ENSO sequences, both 195 large volcanic eruptions(VEI≥4) and 398 ENSO(El Ni?o and La Ni?a) events were extracted from 1525 to 2000. An analysis of the correspondence between the large volcanic eruptions and ENSO events was performed by matching the large volcanic eruptions with the types and magnitudes of ENSO events present in the 0–2 years after the eruptions. The results show the following:(1) The percentages of ENSO events within the 3 years after the large eruptions had increased to 68.3% from 31.7% compared with those with no-eruptions in the previous 0–2 years. In addition, the ratio of El Ni?o to La Ni?a events turned from 2:3 to 1:1, and more El Ni?o events occurred in the 0 year after eruptions in the low-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics but more La Ni?a events occurred in the 0 year after in the high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.(2) After the eruptions, the weak(W) El Ni?o events had increased by 8 percentage points and the very strong(VS) El Ni?o events had decreased by 10 percentage points; conversely, there was a decrease by 15 percentage points of the weak La Ni?a events and an increase by 11.4 percentage points of the very strong La Ni?a events. Specifically, the percentages of strong La Ni?a events increased to a peak at 1(+1) year after the eruptions.(3) The percentage of eruptions followed by single-year ENSO was the greatest. The percentage of ENSO events that occurred in the consecutive 2 years following an eruption was approximately equal to the percentage of events that occurred consecutively 3 years following an eruption, and both sets of ENSO magnitudes showed a decreasing trend.     

The cooperative and conflictual interactions between the United States,Russia, and China: A quantitative analysis of event data

The United States, Russia and China are militarily and economically among the most powerful countries in the post-Cold War period, and the interactions between the three powers heavily influence the international system. However, different conclusions about this question are generally made by researchers through qualitative analysis, and it is necessary to objectively and quantitatively investigate their interactions. Monthly-aggregated event data from the Global Data on Events, Location and Tone(GDELT) to measure cooperative and conflictual interactions between the three powers, and the complementary cumulative distribution function(CCDF) and the vector autoregression(VAR) method are utilized to investigate their interactions in two periods: January, 1991 to September, 2001, and October, 2001 to December, 2016. The results of frequencies and strengths analysis showed that: the frequencies and strengths of USA-China interactions slightly exceeded those of USA-Russia interactions and became the dominant interactions in the second period. Although that cooperation prevailed in the three dyads in two periods, the conflictual interactions between the USA and Russia tended to be more intense in the second period, mainly related to the strategic contradiction between the USA and Russia, especially in Georgia, Ukraine and Syria. The results of CCDF indicated that similar probabilities in the cooperative behaviors between the three dyads, but the differences in the probabilities of conflictual behaviors in the USA-Russia dyad showed complicated characteristic, and those between Russia and China indicated that Russia had been consistently giving China a hard time in both periods when dealing with conflict. The USA was always an essential factor in affecting the interactions between Russia and China in both periods, but China's behavior only played a limited role in influencing the interactions between the USA-Russia dyad. Our study provides quantitative insight into the direct cooperative and conflictual interactions between the three dyads since the end of the Cold War and helps to understand their interactions better.