用星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)立体影像生成DEM的方法研究

星载SAR成像是一种微波成像,由于微波具有穿透云雾、雨雪等的特点,使得SAR能够不受天气和时间的限制而对地球扫描成像,这使得SAR具有一般光学成像所没有的优点。人们正积极探索把SAR数据用于测绘并来解决一些问题。考虑到卫星在短时间内的运动比较平稳,并且它的相对关系精确度高,本文主要从SAR成像的几何角度和两景影像的相对关系出发,分析了雷达成象的特点,进而探讨了从立体像对上提取DEM的方法,并就具体步骤做了进一步的阐述。     

Polarimetric scattering model for estimation of above ground biomass of multilayer vegetation using ALOS-PALSAR quad-pol data

Forests are important biomes covering a major part of the vegetation on the Earth, and as such account for seventy percent of the carbon present in living beings. The value of a forest’s above ground biomass (AGB) is considered as an important parameter for the estimation of global carbon content. In the present study, the quad-pol ALOS-PALSAR data was used for the estimation of AGB for the Dudhwa National Park, India. For this purpose, polarimetric decomposition components and an Extended Water Cloud Model (EWCM) were used. The PolSAR data orientation angle shifts were compensated for before the polarimetric decomposition. The scattering components obtained from the polarimetric decomposition were used in the Water Cloud Model (WCM). The WCM was extended for higher order interactions like double bounce scattering. The parameters of the EWCM were retrieved using the field measurements and the decomposition components. Finally, the relationship between the estimated AGB and measured AGB was assessed. The coefficient of determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.4341 and 119 t/ha respectively.     

高放废物处置库预选场地地学信息库的建立

本文以高放废物处置库预选场地甘肃北山玉门镇地学信息库的建立为例,详细阐述了地理信息系统在高放废物地质处置中的应用,并在此基础上分析了其应用前景,为不同层次的管理、科研人员提供了全新思路;介绍了将地理信息系统技术引入图件和资料管理的优点。     

永安地震台数字地震观测系统常见故障的分析及排除

论述了永安地震台数字地震观测系统的组成单元及各单元的作用与功能,总结、分析日常观测中常见的各类故障,并详细分析仪器运行过程中典型故障的产生原因及排除方法,可为其他相关地震台站提供借鉴。     

地理国情监测水面数据时空一致性优化方法

地理国情监测利用遥感、地理信息等技术,动态获取地表覆盖等多样化的地理要素,经统计、分析、评价和应用,服务于政治、经济、文化、资源、环境等多个领域,为政府提供全面、准确、基础的地理信息情报。针对地理国情监测在全国范围基于多时相遥感影像采集水面信息存在时空不一致性的现状,提出一种基于精细DEM的水面数据时空一致性优化方法。利用栅格图形区域生长算法,采用8邻域算子,对水面种子点进行迭代生长计算,得出基于精细DEM的区域生长结果;通过与地理国情监测水面数据对比分析,实现空间化结果的修正,从而达到时空一致性优化的目的。分析了典型研究区水面数据特征,利用该方法进行了优化处理,结果显示：研究区水面数据空间范围相对于时点监测修正了7.99%,满足了地理国情监测时点一致性需求。研究表明：该方法的应用,能够使得在全国尺度上统计的水面数据反映同一季节或可接受时段内的状况,避免或缩小了由于影像数据源的差异造成的时间和空间上的不一致性带来的误差,满足了地理国情监测时点一致性需求,能够在地理国情监测等地表覆盖水面信息提取、优化中推广应用,为政府有效决策提供客观、准确和基础的水面信息。     

AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL TURBULENCE SCHEMES FOR THE PREDICTION OF MEAN AND TURBULENT FIELDS IN COMPLEX TERRAIN

A prognostic three-dimensional mesoscale model has been developed andused in one- and two-dimensional modes to evaluate ten local turbulenceclosure schemes. The schemes ranged from first-order to the two-equationprognostic schemes. Predictions by the models were compared for aone-dimensional convective boundary layer using mixed layer scaling andmeasurements to interpret the results. Two-dimensional simulations were alsoperformed for a sea-breeze flow and for flow over a hill. The results showedthat for all of the models considered, minor differences were produced in themean meteorological fields and in the vertical scalar fluxes, but majordifferences were apparent in the velocity variances and dissipation rate.Predicted tracer concentrations were very sensitive to the turbulence modelformulation for dispersion from a point source in the convective boundarylayer, particularly for the prediction of maximum concentrations. Predictedtracer concentrations from a surface volume source for the two-dimensionalsimulations were similar for all models, although the degree of mixing in themorning growth period produced some differences. Generally, good results forthe mean meteorological fields can be obtained with first-order schemes, evenif they underpredict the magnitude of turbulence in the convective boundarylayer, and reasonable tracer concentrations can also be obtained with thesemodels provided near-source effects are not important. The two-equationprognostic models performed best for the prediction of turbulence in theconvective boundary layer.     

Modelling and predicting the spatial dispersion of skin cancer considering environmental and socio-economic factors using a digital earth approach

ABSTRACT

Almost all causative factors of diseases depend on location. The Digital Earth approach is suitable for studying diseases globally. Geospatial information systems integrated with statistical models can be used to model the relationship between a disease and its causative factors. Through modelling, the most important causative factors can be extracted and the epidemiology of the disease can be observed. In this paper, skin cancer (the most common type of cancer) has been modelled based on its causative factors, including climate factors, people's occupations, nutrition habits, socio-economic factors, and usage of chemical fertiliser. To fit the model, a data framework was first designed, and then data were gathered and processed. Finally, the disease was modelled using Generalised Linear Models (GLM), a statistical model based on the location of the factors. The results of this study identify the most important causative factors together with their relative priority. Furthermore, a model was used to predict the change in skin cancer occurrences caused by a change in one of its causative factors. This work illustrates the ability of the model to predict disease occurrence. Thus, by using this Digital Earth approach, skincancer can be studied in all the key countries around the world.     

地形起伏地区的遥感影像预处理研究

在地形起伏地区,遥感影像预处理主要是消除由于地形起伏造成的投影误差和不同坡向的辐射误差。本文介绍了基于GIS技术对遥感影像进行预处理的方法,处理中以遥感影像的像元(pixel)作为基本单位,首先确定遥感影像与相应的实际地面在地理位置上的对应关系,然后将影像成像时的自然光以像元为单位按照不同的光学特性分解成太阳直射光、天空散射光等分量,根据它们各自不同的特性统一将其转换并合成垂直于水平面的光照,从而使得光照条件不同的自然光转换成光照条件相同的“人工光”,最后计算在此相同的光照条件下的各像元的遥感值,从而提高遥感影像的质量。     

高精度遥感三维可视化在岩溶地区工程初勘调查中的应用——以云南小哨机场为例

本文对高精度卫星遥感图像(QucikBird)进行了图像预处理,图像融合,正射校正,并基于12∶000地形图上构建了DEM。在Erdas软件支持下,实现了遥感影像三维可视化。同时,针对岩溶地区工程初勘需要,应用ArcGIS实现了工程量计算、机场净空分析、岩溶漏斗信息自动提取、漏斗形态显示、地下溶洞网分析等,这为机场的进一步勘查提供了准确可靠的地质灾害信息,可为指导工程设计与施工提供参考。