吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部两栖爬行动物物种多样性

为了进一步了解吉尔吉斯斯坦两栖爬行动物物种多样性特征,于2012年9月15日～26日,在对吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部不同生境两栖爬行动物物种多样性进行野外实地调查和已有文献整理的基础上,初步整理出了分布在吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部的两栖爬行动物种类,并其物种多样性进行比较分析。本次考察共采集和记录实体标本621号,经鉴定共26种（亚种）,分隶4目10科18属,其中两栖纲1目2科2属2种,爬行纲3目8科16属22种。其中新疆蟾蜍（Bufo pewzowi）、亚洲林蛙（Rana asiatica）、赛氏沙蜥（Phrynocephalus saidalievi）三个种为优势种类,占总个体数的55.23%;快步麻蜥（Eremias velox）、喜山岩蜥（Laudakia himalayana）、草原蜥（Trapelus agilis）、荒漠无脸蜥（Ablepharus deserti）、施氏石龙子（Eumeces schneideri）、叶城麻蜥（Eremias yarkandensis）、棋斑游蛇（Natrix tessellata）、白条锦蛇（Elaphe dione）、中亚眼镜蛇（Naja oxiana）、四爪陆龟指名亚种（Testudo horsfieldii horsfieldii）11种类为常见种,占总个体数的36.88%;新疆岩蜥（Laudakia stoliczkana）、敏麻蜥（Eremias arguta）、捷蜥蜴（Lacerta agilis）、红沙蠎（Eryx miliaris）、东方沙蠎（Eryx tataricus）、草原蝰（Vipera renardi）等12各种为稀有种类,占总个体数的7.89%。在不同生境间均存在物种多样性指标差异显著（p<0.05）,物种多样性在草原最高（2.029 8）,其次为山地森林（1.920 4）,而荒漠最低（0.233 8）;丰富度均在山地森林最高（3.242 51）,其次为草原（2.540 0）,而在荒漠最低（0.288 5）;由于吉尔吉斯斯坦西南部的气候属于典型的大陆性气候,两栖爬行动物物种的组成主要以适应干旱环境的耐旱种类为主,区系组成较为简单,地方种类数量较少,在物种组成及起源等方面与我国西北地区的两栖爬行动物区系有着一定的联系。     

Using maps of continuous variation in species compositional turnover to supplement uniform polygon species range maps

Species ranges are often represented using polygons, with the attendant issues that they show uniform ranges with abrupt boundaries and can overestimate species ranges. We demonstrate that such uniform species ranges can be supplemented by mapping the gradational variation in species turnover across a landscape. Directional variation in species turnover for 15 skink species (Reptilia: Scincidae) and topographic and climatic turnover in south-eastern Australia were measured using directional moving window analyses, rotated through 360°. The resultant species turnover maps were compared with published polygon range maps for two species within the group (Liopholis whitii and L. inornata). We also assessed how the relationships between species and environmental turnover varied in areas of low or high species turnover. Continuous transitions between distinct areas of low and high species turnover were mapped. Low turnover comprised only 19% of the L. whitii polygon species range within the study area extent. These low turnover areas were more densely populated by L. whitii (67% of observations), whereas areas of medium to high turnover contained substantially fewer observations (25%). Regions with the highest species turnover contained only 6% of observations. L. inornata observations were also clustered in low species turnover areas. Averaged climatic and elevation values were higher in low-turnover areas despite their close adjacency to high-turnover zones. The environmental turnover in low species turnover regions was also lower than in high-turnover areas. Correlations between environmental turnover and low species turnover areas were positive, whereas the opposite relationship applied in high species turnover areas. We identified both abrupt and gradual distributional breaks between separate reptile assemblages; an example of the latter is located in the Hunter Valley in the south-eastern coastal region. This break has been mapped using solid, uniform lines in species ranges and thus implicitly as an abrupt break. Environmental conditions may be more favourable to skinks in low-turnover areas. Since L. whitii and other skink species have very large populations in low-turnover areas, other squamate species may also be more likely to occur in these areas. This has potential implications for conservation prioritisation. The turnover maps used here can supplement the information provided about reptile distributions by the equivalent polygon ranges. This approach can be applied to point occurrence data for any taxonomic group or any similar georeferenced diversity data set.     

湖北省南漳/远安动物群特征及其意义初探

通过资料整理和野外调查,本文认为南漳/远安动物群是产自于嘉陵江组三段顶部纹层状灰岩、微晶灰岩中,以海生爬行动物为特色,伴有大量菌藻类和软体动物的早三叠世奥伦尼克期Spathian晚期的动物群落。该动物群中的海生爬行动物为幻龙类-鱼龙类-汉江蜥-贵州龙-湖北鳄类的组合特征。湖北鳄类相对其他海生爬行动物类型,数量最多,多样性最为丰富。独特的骨骼特征暗示其位于脊椎动物食物链的最低层。大量分异度较高的海生爬行动物在同一群落中出现,暗示在Spathian晚期,海洋生态系统可能已经开始恢复。     

贵州安顺龙宫海生爬行动物的发现及意义

贵州安顺龙宫戴帽山是新发现的一处海生爬行动物化石产地,通过在该地区开展化石发掘与修理工作,共获取3块保存精美的海生爬行动物化石。上述3块海生爬行动物化石均归属于鳍龙超目(Sauropterygia),基于古生物地层学与沉积学的研究,判断其时代为中三叠世安尼期。化石产地的古地理位置位于扬子台地西南缘,是滇黔桂台地边缘相区内首个产出完整海生爬行动物化石的产地。本文的研究成果对三叠纪海生爬行动物系统演化、重塑当时古环境、中三叠世安尼期辐射强度等方面具有十分重要的意义,并为海生爬行动物的古地理分布提供了新材料。     

贵州安顺龙宫海生爬行动物的发现及意义

贵州安顺龙宫戴帽山是新发现的一处海生爬行动物化石产地,通过在该地区开展化石发掘与修理工作,共获取3块保存精美的海生爬行动物化石。上述3块海生爬行动物化石均归属于鳍龙超目(Sauropterygia),基于古生物地层学与沉积学的研究,判断其时代为中三叠世安尼期。化石产地的古地理位置位于扬子台地西南缘,是滇黔桂台地边缘相区内首个产出完整海生爬行动物化石的产地。笔者等的研究成果对三叠纪海生爬行动物系统演化、重塑当时古环境、中三叠世安尼期辐射强度等方面具有十分重要的意义,并为海生爬行动物的古地理分布提供了新材料。     

Biostratigraphy of Triassic Marine Reptiles in Southwest Guizhou and Its Adjacent Area

This paper briefly reviews the Triassic marine reptile fossils in Guizhou Province, especially the fossils that have been recently found in the Guanling area. Based on three sections at Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou Province and Luoping, Yunnan Province, four horizons with vertebrate fossils are recognized in the Middle and Upper Triassic of this area; They are from bottom to top: Member I and Member II of the Guanling Formation, and the Zhuganpo Member and the Wayao Member of the Falang Formation.     

Late Cretaceous marine reptiles (Elasmosauridae and Mosasauridae) of the Chatham Islands, New Zealand

A new marine reptile record for the Upper Cretaceous of the Chatham Islands is described from the Takatika Grit. Incomplete mosasaur and plesiosaur remains represent the first record of marine reptiles from the Chatham Islands and wider New Zealand. Present among the myriad bones are elasmosaurid plesiosaurs and mosasaurine mosasaurs. This assemblage is comparable to the New Zealand marine reptile record and represents apex predators that flourished in a zone of upwelling in a Late Cretaceous southern high-latitude ecosystem.     

桂中盆地岩溶地貌区两栖爬行动物调查

岩溶地区的两栖爬行动物调查相对较少,2000年7月至2009年7月,采用样线调查的方法对桂中盆地岩溶地貌区的两栖爬行动物进行了调查。共在桂中盆地岩溶地貌区记录了两栖爬行动物67种,其中两栖动物3目6科13种,爬行动物3目11科54种。其区系表现出较强的华南区和华中区过渡地带特点,种群数量较多的有黑眶蟾蜍、泽陆蛙、斑腿泛树蛙、变色树蜥、中国石龙子、草腹链蛇、红脖颈槽蛇、渔游蛇和舟山眼镜蛇等。岩溶地貌对两栖爬行动物分布具有较强的影响,除细痣疣螈外,大部分的两栖动物都不适应岩溶地貌,但爬行动物中的壁虎科和百花锦蛇则主要分布于岩溶地区。      

Kaikaifilu hervei gen. et sp. nov., a new large mosasaur (Squamata,Mosasauridae) from the upper Maastrichtian of Antarctica

We present a large, fragmentary skull and the humerus of a mosasaur (Squamata, Mosasauroidea) recovered from upper Maastrichtian beds of the López de Bertodano Formation in Marambio (=Seymour) Island, Antarctica. The material belongs to a large, adult individual with marked heterodonty as well as unusual humeral features. Different phylogenetic analyses returned the studied specimen within the Tylosaurinae, while the distinctive features of the skull and humerus allow distinguish it from the unique Antarctic known tylosaurine species, Taniwhasaurus antarcticus (Novas et al., 2002), as well as from other known Late Cretaceous mosasaurids from the Southern Hemisphere, thus, justifying the erection of a new taxon, Kaikaifilu hervei gen. et. sp. nov. The different dental types documented in the specimen studied have been previously recorded through isolated teeth from the same locality and were subsequently referred to several genera. This new find is relevant for assessing the previously known fragmentary records of Antarctic mosasaurids, suggesting that its local diversity could be more reduced than previously interpreted. The new material represents the youngest occurrence of tylosaurines in Antarctica.     

Guanling Biota: A Marker of Triassic Biotic Recovery from the end-Permian Extinction in the Ancient Guizhou Sea

After a slow recovery from the end-Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member （conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone）, Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end-Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic-Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid： three ichthyosaurs （Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000）, three thalattosaurs （Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004）, and two placodonts （Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002）. Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re-describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi （Zhou in Yin et al., 2000）, Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ？ minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000.