Evidence for Late Pleistocene and Holocene sea-level,neotectonic and climate control in the coastal zone of northwest Portugal

The coastal zone of northwest Portugal can be subdivided into two geomorphological sectors: Sector 1, between the Minho River and the town of Espinho, where the coastal segments consist of estuaries, sandy and shingle beaches with rocky outcrops, and Holocene dune systems (foredunes and some migrating dunes with blow-outs). The estuaries and the foredunes in particular are very degraded by human activities. Sector 2, between Espinho and the Mondego Cape, where coastal lagoons and Holocene dune systems (foredunes, parabolic and transverse dunes) occur. This study deals with the macroscale, i.e. 100–1000 years, forcing by sea-level changes and neotectonic activity on the one hand, and mesoscale, i.e. 1–100 years, forcing by climate fluctuations on the other hand, on these (palaeo-)environments. It is shown in particular that sea-level changes and neotectonic activity play a dominant role in the evolution of the coastal zone since the Late Pleistocene. Sediment starvation on the shoreface is postulated to be one of the major causes for coastal erosion since at least the 15th century. The mesoscale role of climate is difficult to assess at the present stage of knowledge, mainly because of overprinting by the macroscale evolution of the coast. However, data on estuarine saltmarsh evolution in sector 1 point towards discrete changes in storminess, while the development of Medieval dune systems in sectors 1 and 2 are attributed to the Little Ice Age or, alternatively, to human occupation of the dune areas.