Seasonal variations of alkenones and U37 in the Chesapeake Bay water column

Alkenone unsaturation indices (U^K₃₇ and U^K′₃₇) have long been used as proxies for surface water temperature in the open ocean. Recent studies have suggested that in other marine environments, variables other than temperature may affect both the production of alkenones and the values of the indices. Here, we present the results of a reconnaissance field study in which alkenones were extracted from particulate matter filtered from the water column in Chesapeake Bay during 2000 and 2001. A multivariate analysis shows a strong positive correlation between U^K₃₇ (and U^K′₃₇) values and temperature, and a significant negative correlation between U^K₃₇ (and U^K′₃₇) values and nitrate concentrations. However, temperature and nitrate concentrations also co-vary significantly. The temperature vs. U^K₃₇ relationships (U^K₃₇=0.018 (T)−0.162, R²=0.84, U^K′₃₇=0.013 (T)−0.04, R²=0.80) have lower slopes than the open-ocean equations of Prahl et al. [1988. Further evaluation of long-chain alkenones as indicators of paleoceanographic conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 2303–2310] and Müller et al. [1998. Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index U^K′₃₇ based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N–60°S). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 1757–1772], but are similar to the relationships found in controlled studies with elevated nutrient levels and higher nitrate:phosphate (N:P) ratios. This implies that high nutrient levels in Chesapeake Bay have either lowered the U^K₃₇ vs. temperature slope, or nutrient levels are the main controller of the U^K₃₇ index. In addition, particularly high abundances (>5% of total C₃₇ alkenones) of the tetra-unsaturated ketone, C_37:4, were found when water temperatures reached 25 °C or higher, thus posing further questions about the controls on alkenone production as well as the biochemical roles of alkenones.     

16 Ma以来南海北部海域古水温变化规律与机制

长期以来古海洋表层古水温研究的热点主要集中在第四纪,很少涉及到2.5 Ma之前。利用ODP 184航次1147和1148站位的获得的相关资料,并主要采用长链烯酮U37k)和底栖有孔虫氧同位素(δ18O)两种方法,计算海水氧同位素组成,然后,利用浮游有孔虫氧同位素法计算16 Ma以来的海水温度变化,探讨南海北部16 Ma以来的古海水温度变化机制。结果表明,南海北部水温总体趋势与全球气候发展相对应,在北半球冰盖形成时期,海水表层温度与代表高纬冰盖体积大小的底栖有孔虫δ18O几乎同步变化,反映出南海热带海区古气候变化的特殊性,为进一步研究低纬热带海区在全球古气候变化中的作用提供了新证据。     

Mid-latitude Southern Indian Ocean response to Northern Hemisphere Heinrich events

The lack of temporal resolution and accurate chronology of Southern Ocean marine cores has hampered comparison of glacial millennial-scale oscillations between the Southern Ocean, Antarctic ice and other records from both hemispheres. In this study, glacial climate variability is investigated over the last 50 ka using a multi-proxy approach. A precise chrono-stratigraphy was developed on the high-sedimentation rate core MD94-103 (Indian Southern Ocean, 45°35′S 86°31′E, 3560 m water depth) by geomagnetic synchronization between the later core and NAPIS75, and ¹⁴C dates. High-resolution time-series of δ¹⁸O in planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) estimated from the alkenone U^K′₃₇ index and foraminifera assemblages have been generated. Temporal evolution of the two temperature proxy records is notably different during the last glacial period. While foraminifera data indicate a consistent cooling towards the last glacial maximum, anomalous warm glacial alkenone temperatures suggest a strong advection of warm “detrital” alkenones by surface waters of the Agulhas current. Superimposed to this general trend, during Heinrich events, foraminiferal SSTs point to warmer surface waters, while concurrent alkenone SSTs exhibit apparent coolings probably caused by enhanced local alkenone production. By analogy to modern observations, possible influence of ENSO-like conditions on the subantarctic Southern Ocean SSTs is discussed.     

西北干旱区湖泊沉积物中长链烯酮的古环境意义

近年来,U37K'长链烯酮古温度指标已被越来越多地应用于湖泊沉积物的研究中。综合分析我国西风区的湖泊沉积物记录,U37K'对全新世暖期的记录存在较大差异,甚至有高达0.9的异常值出现,即湖泊表层水温在全新世超过30℃,这在气候意义上很难解释。为了更好地理解U37K'在西北干旱区湖泊沉积物中的应用条件,文章对玛纳斯湖西岸的三处晚全新世湖滨沉积物钻孔进行了有机地球化学分析,首次确认了新疆玛纳斯湖湖泊沉积物中存在长链烯酮。通过分析U37K'记录与长链烯酮含量的关系,并与其他西风区湖泊烯酮记录进行对比,发现长链烯酮的含量与干旱区湖泊的湖水位变化存在一定的关系,即长链烯酮含量的高低指示着湖水位的高低; 同时,U37K'记录与长链烯酮含量也存在一定的联系:异常高的U37K'值总是伴随着较低的烯酮含量(37K'出现的原因; 这样的U37K'记录是不可靠的,不能用于定量计算古温度,但仍可用于反应冷暖趋势的变化。     

高压气相色谱法快速测定痕量长链烯酮

建立了高压气相色谱快速分析痕量长链烯酮的分析方法。选用快速分离色谱柱,对进样口压力、柱温箱程序升温速率进行优化,选择最佳的分析条件,使被测组分C37:2、C37:3和C37:4长链烯酮达到基线分离,仪器分析周期减少至40 min。方法精密度(RSD,n=13)各长链烯酮均小于4%,检出限为10 ng/mL。     

Alkenones and coccoliths in ice‐rafted debris during the Last Glacial Maximum in the North Atlantic: implications for the use of UK37′ as a sea surface temperature proxy

The U^K₃₇′ index has proven to be a robust proxy to estimate past sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over a range of time scales, but like any other proxy, it has uncertainties. For instance, in reconstructions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the northern North Atlantic, U^K₃₇′ indicates higher temperatures than those derived from foraminiferal proxies. Here we evaluate whether such warm glacial estimates are caused by the advection of reworked alkenones in ice‐rafted debris (IRD) to deep‐sea sediments. We have quantified both coccolith assemblages and alkenones in sediments from glaciogenic debris flows in the continental margins of the northern North Atlantic, and from a deep‐sea core from the Reykjanes Ridge. Certain debris flow deposits in the North Atlantic were generated by the presence of massive ice‐sheets in the past, and their associated ice streams. Such deposits are composed of the same materials that were present in the IRD at the time they were generated. We conclude that ice rafting from some locations was a transport pathway to the deep sea floor of reworked alkenones and pre‐Quaternary coccolith species during glacial stages, but that not all of the IRD contained alkenones, even when reworked coccoliths were present. We speculate that the ratio of reworked coccoliths to alkenone concentration might be useful to infer whether significant reworked alkenone inputs from IRD did occur at a particular site in the glacial North Atlantic. We also observe that alkenones in some of the debris flows contain a colder signal than estimated for LGM sediments in the northern North Atlantic. This is also clear in the deep‐sea core studied where the warmest intervals do not correspond to the intervals with large inputs of reworked coccoliths or IRD. We conclude that any possible bias to U^K₃₇′ estimates associated with reworked alkenones is not necessarily towards higher values, and that the high SST anomalies for the LGM are unlikely to be the result of a bias caused by IRD inputs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Alkenones in Cretaceous black shales, Blake-Bahama Basin, western North Atlantic

We here report the discovery of unusual distributions of long-chain alkenones (C₃₇-C₄₂) in two Cretaceous black shales from the Blake-Bahama Basin, western North Atlantic. These sediments are Cenomanian (c. 95 Ma) and mid-Albian (c. 105 Ma) in age, thus significantly extending the geological range of these compounds. The precise source of these lipids is, as yet, unknown, although they may derive from an ancient ancestor of Emiliania huxleyi.     

长链烯酮在西北大西洋重建全新世气候变化的研究进展

大量研究表明,长链烯酮不饱和度(UK37?指数)可用于重建过去的海面温度(sea surface tempera-ture,SST),然而是否存在其他因素导致实际温度与重建的SST之间存在差异,以及重建的温度是代表年均SST还是季节性温度都仍有争议.除了反映温度,在受季节性海冰影响或SST较低的区域,长链烯酮C37:4...     

近千年来青海湖水热变化再重建

中国近千年来的水文气候变化大致以暖期时季风区相对湿润而西北西风区相对干旱为特征,处在季风边缘区的青海湖对验证此特征因此显得特别重要。然而相互不一致的青海湖研究结果还时常出现,多数时候与沉积物年代及所采用指标的解释的不确定性有关。本文重新分析了青海湖东部靠近沙岛水深5m处的一根2m的沉积柱里的有机指标,长链烯酮和正构烷烃的分布特征。长链烯酮U₃₇^K'古温度指标、%C_37：4古盐度指标和直链烷烃的水生植物比（P_aq）指标显示当代暖期（1850~2000A.D.）和中世纪暖期（800~1400A.D.）时湖水相对温暖,盐度较低和湖水深度增加,而小冰期时（1400~1850A.D.）相反;并且中世纪暖期相对当代暖期要温暖湿润,证实了以前从湖心深水沉积柱获得的烯酮结果。本文结果也显示至少在盐度变化明显的青海湖长链烯酮古温度指标不包括C_37：4可能更合理一些;另外,气候从冷到暖的转变过程中,湖水温度和盐度变化似乎不同步,可能与径流输入的突然性增加有关。

     

青藏高原湖泊长链不饱和烯酮研究现状及展望

陆地温度的定量重建一直是古气候研究领域最具挑战性的工作之一。古温度定量记录不仅可以为气候模式的输出结果提供验证,同时也可为全球变化背景下过去温度提供参考。长链不饱和烯酮化合物的发现及有机地球化学分析手段的提高为古温度定量重建提供了可能。新生代以来青藏高原的隆升对东亚环境演变产生显著影响,其在全球气候变化研究中具有重要位置,然而高质量的古气候定量记录在青藏高原仍十分缺乏,极大限制了对高原气候变化机制的深入理解。近年来利用长链不饱和烯酮指标重建水体温度在海洋及陆地湖泊环境得到了广泛应用。青藏高原湖泊具有分布广、数量多等特点,是利用长链烯酮开展古气候定量重建的理想区域。本文通过对已发表的湖泊长链烯酮研究手段及相关成果进行总结,以青藏高原湖泊烯酮研究现状为背景,对高原烯酮研究提出展望。