Utilisation and Management Changes in South Kyrgyzstan＇s Mountain Forests

Using political ecology as its conceptual framework, this paper focuses on the changes in forest utilisation and management of South Kyrgyzstan＇s walnut-fruit forests over the last century The aim of this study on human-environment interactions is to investigate the relationship between actors on the one side, their interests and demands, and the forests and forested lands on the other. Forest resource utilisation and management - and even the recognition of different forest products as resources - are connected with political and socioeconomic conditions that change with time. The walnut-fruit forests of South Kyrgyzstan are unique, characterised by high biodiversity and a multiplicity of usable products; and they have been utilised for a long time. Centralised and formal management of the forests started with the Russian occupation and was strengthened under Soviet rule, when the region became a part of the USSR. During this era, a state forest administration that was structured from Moscow all the way down to the local level drew up detailed plans and developed procedures for utilising the different forest products. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the socio-political and economic frame conditions have changed significantly, which has brought not only the sweeping changes in the managing institutions, but also the access rights and interests in the forest resources. At present, the region is suffering from a high unemployment rate, which has resulted in the forests＇ gaining considerable importance in the livelihood strategies of the local population. Political and economic liberalization, increased communication and transregional exchange relations have opened the door for international companies and agents interested in the valuable forest products. Today, walnut wood and burls, walnuts, wild apples and mushrooms are all exported to various countries in the world. Scientists and members of various international organisations stress the ecological value of the forests and are trying to establish nature conservation areas. Nevertheless, it is to fear that a multiplicity of interrelated factors - the present transformation and globalization processes, the appearance of new actors, the local population＇s insecure economic situation and the erosion of managing institutions - are all leading to an intensified and unregulated exploitation of the forests, resulting in their degradation.     

银川市初夏气溶胶粒子谱分布特征

利用美制APS—3310A型激光粒谱仪，在中国西北城市银川对大气气溶胶粒子进行现场观测，结合气象条件，并通过理论计算分析，给出了银川市初夏大气气溶胶的日变化特征、3种不同粒径粒子分布特点及飘尘谱分布特征，以期为银川市大气污染总量控制方案及对策提供科学依据。     

毛洋头铀（银,钼）矿床同位素地球化学研究

毛洋头铀矿床的（Ｈ、Ｏ）同位素特征表明：早期矿化热液主要为岩浆水，而晚期矿化热液则主要为大气降水。铅同位素组成反映该矿床中铅为不同来源的混合铅。Ｃ、Ｓ同位素组成变化范围小，且与火成岩的Ｃ、Ｓ同位素组成相当，说明矿床中的碳和硫主要淋取于火成围岩或源于地壳深部。     

文章已录用：阴山晚中生代板内造山特征及其动力机制-以内蒙古大青山为例

内蒙古大青山属我国典型的板内造山带阴山山脉的南部山系,其西段缺少大型低角度推覆构造及大型深成岩对前期演化历史的干扰,是研究阴山板内造山特点及过程的理想区域。通过对大青山西段的构造进行几何学和运动学的分析表明,古老结晶基底以逆冲推覆及基底褶皱的形式广泛的巻入中生代构造变形,以及先存构造样式的广泛复活并对后期地层沉积和断层发育的控制作用是内蒙古大青山地区中生代板内造山的两个基本特征。这些变形特征反映了阴山带板内造山过程中,是以结晶基底为受力层,并控制上覆盖层进行构造变形的,进而表明板内造山主要是由水平挤压应力造成的。结合研究区构造变形特点及邻区中生代构造地质情况的分析认为,晚侏罗世时期之所以在阴山带形成强烈的板内造山运动,是由其北部西伯利亚板块与蒙古褶皱带碰撞产生的板缘应力的远程传递,以及其南侧强硬的鄂尔多斯地块的阻挡共同作用而形成的。     

Structure,Timing, and Mechanism of the Pliocene and Late Miocene Uplift Process of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan,SE Tibet,China

The uplift of the Ailao Shan-Diancang Shan(ASDS) along the Ailao Shan-Red River(ASRR) shear zone is an important geological event in the southeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau tectonic domain in the Late Cenozoic,and it preserves important information on the structures,exhumational history and tectonic evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The uplift structural mode and uplift timing of the ASDS is currently an important scientific topic for understanding the ASDS formation and late stage movements and evolution of the ASRR shear zone.The formation of the ASDS has been widely considered to be the consequence of the strike-slip movements of the ASRR shear zone.However,the shaping of geomorphic units is generally direct results of the latest tectonic activities.In this study,we investigated the timing and uplift structural mechanism of the ASDS and provided the following lines of supportive evidence.Firstly,the primary tectonic foliation of the ASDS shows significant characteristic variations,with steeply dipping tectonic foliation developed on the east side of the ASDS and the relatively horizontal foliation on the west side.Secondly,from northeast to southwest direction,the deformation and metamorphism gradually weakened and this zone can be further divided into three different metamorphic degree belts.Thirdly,the contact relationship between the ASDS and the Chuxiong basin-Erhai lake is a normal fault contact which can be found on the east side of the ASDS.40Ar/39 Argeochronology suggests that the Diancang Shan had experienced a fast cooling event during 3–4 Ma.The apatite fission track testing method gives the age of 6.6–10.7 Ma in the Diancang Shan and 4.6–8.4 Ma in the Ailao Shan,respectively.Therefore the uplift of the ASDS can be explained by tilted block mode in which the east side was uplifted much higher than the west side,and it is not main reason of the shearing movements of the ASRR shear zone.The most recent uplift stages of the ASDS happened in the Pliocene(3–4 Ma) and Late Miocene(6–10 Ma).     

广西大瑶山西侧综合地质异常与控矿分析

运用地质异常理论和方法,对大瑶山西侧地区沉积、构造、蚀变、土壤次生晕异常特征、有机质与成矿的关系进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,泥盆纪沉积异常为成矿提供了物质来源;海平面升降产生的层序边界面为成矿提供了有利的含矿建造,并制约着大瑶山成矿带的时空结构;构造复杂度异常控制了矿带的展布和矿床的空间分布;蚀变异常控制了矿体的空间定位和矿床后期改造特征;土壤次生晕异常则反映了矿化的空间分带和组合特征。基于综合地质异常与控矿分析,利用GIS平台提取异常致矿信息,圈定成矿有利地段,为该区成矿预测及找矿勘探提供依据。     

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带变沉积岩的变质演化

点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带位于青藏高原东南缘大理-元江-元阳-河口一带,出露规模达数百千米,是扬子板块和印支陆块之间的一条重要构造带.该变质杂岩带主要由各类正片麻岩、副片麻岩、大理岩所组成,夹有斜长角闪岩、石榴辉石岩和超镁铁质岩石的透镜体或团块.其中,变沉积岩如含夕线石和蓝晶石的片麻岩类岩石保存了多阶段的矿物组合及异常复杂的矿物相转变关系.详细的岩相学、成因矿物学以及矿物相转变关系分析表明,变沉积岩系经历了早期进变质阶段(M1)、峰期角闪-麻粒岩相变质阶段(M2)、峰后近等温减压(脱水熔融)阶段(M3)以及晚期退变质阶段(M4)的变质演化.其中,M1阶段的稳定矿物组合为石榴石+斜长石+白云母+石英+十字石±蓝晶石±黑云母±钾长石,M2阶段的稳定矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+蓝晶石/夕线石+斜长石+石英、石榴石+黑云母+斜长石+石英±钾长石±夕线石,M3阶段的共生矿物组合为石榴石+黑云母+夕线石+斜长石+石英,M4阶段的矿物组合为黑云母+白云母+斜长石+石英±钾长石±石榴石等.通过传统GB-GASP温压计和二云母温度计的估算结果,配合P-T视剖面定量计算,确定早期进变质阶段(M1)的温压条件为T=560 ～ 590℃,P=5.5 ～6.3kb,峰期角闪-麻粒岩相阶段(M2)的温压条件为T=720～ 760℃、P=8.0～9.3kb,峰后近等温减压阶段(M3)的温度压力条件为T=640～760℃,P=5.0～7.3kb,晚期退变阶段(M4)的温压条件为T=521～648℃,P=4.0～5.0kb.上述研究结果表明,点苍山-哀牢山变沉积岩记录了典型碰撞造山带型式的顺时针P-T演化轨迹,表明点苍山-哀牢山变质杂岩带的形成与印度板块和欧亚板块之间的俯冲-碰撞存在密切的成因关系.     

会理县小青山铜金矿区硅质钠长石岩研究

岩石空间产出特征、岩相学、岩石化学、稀土元素地球化学特征及成岩成矿作用特征等分析研究表明,硅质钠长石岩是经沉积变质、硅质钠质交代作用形成的,原岩组成多样,主要为碳质板岩,其次为条带状泥砂质白云岩,局部也可以是辉绿辉长岩。     

北太行山—燕山区中生代金属矿床成矿系统

太行山北段—燕山地区位于中朝板块中部及其北部边缘,以铁、铜、钼、金、银、铅、锌、铀等金属矿产为特色。中生代本区进入陆内造山作用阶段,花岗质岩浆作用及与之有关的成矿作用是克拉通活化的结果。在已研究了与花岗质岩浆作用有关的成矿系列划分、特征和控制因素等基础上,本文重点探讨了成矿系统的划分、时空结构及其控制因素,指出其作为中生代陆内造山作用的结果,明显受到两期不同成矿动力机制的控制,主要由古欧亚构造域成矿系统和西太平洋构造域成矿系统组成。根据构造应力环境,可进一步划分出５个成矿亚系统和Ⅰ～Ⅳ４个成矿系列。成矿系列或矿床具有多期性,不同时代矿床空间分布成带或集中区,三叠纪矿床主要分布于燕辽沉降带北侧,早侏罗世时以辽西为主,中侏罗世时向西扩展到冀东,晚侏罗世时则以太行—燕山西段为主,早白垩世矿床广泛分布于全区,但Ⅲ成矿系列集中等间距分布在几条ＮＷ向带中。矿床这种时空分布规律受控于中生代花岗岩类岩浆活动,而中生代造山作用决定了岩浆岩的时空分布,岩浆起源演化与成矿有关。     

DETRITAL ZIRCON U-PB DATING OF MODERN RIVERS' DEPOSITS IN PAMIR,SOUTH TIAN SHAN AND THEIR CONVERGENCE ZONE

By dating detrital zircon U-Pb ages of deposition sequence in foreland basins, we can analyze the provenance of these zircons and further infer the tectonic history of the mountain belts. This is a new direction of the zircon U-Pb chronology. The precondition of using this method is that we have to have all-around understanding to the U-Pb ages of the rocks of the orogenic belts, while the varied topography, high altitude of the zircon U-Pb ages of the orogenic belts are very rare and uneven. This restricts the application of this method. Modern river deposits contain abundant geologic information of their provenances, so we can probe the zircon U-Pb ages of the geological bodies in the provenances by dating the detrital zircon U-Pb ages of modern rivers' deposits. We collected modern river deposits of 14 main rivers draining from Pamir, South Tian Shan and their convergence zone and conducted detrital zircon U-Pb dating. Combining with the massive bed rock zircon U-Pb ages of the magmatic rocks and the detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the modern fluvial deposit of other authors, we obtained the distribution characteristics of zircon U-Pb ages of different tectonic blocks of Pamir and South Tian Shan. Overlaying on the regional geological map, we pointed out the specific provenance geological bodies of different U-Pb age populations and speculated the existence of some new geological bodies. The results show that different tectonic blocks have different age peaks. The main age peaks of South Tian Shan are 270~289Ma and 428~449Ma, that of North Pamir are 205~224Ma and 448~477Ma, Central Pamir 36~40Ma, and South Pamir 80~82Ma and 102~106Ma. The Pamir syntaxis locates at the west end of the India-Eurasia collision zone. The northern boundary of the Pamir is the Main Pamir Thrust(MPT)and the Pamir Front Thrust(PFT). In the Cenozoic, because of the squeezing action of the India Plate, the Pamir thrust a lot toward the north and the internal terranes of the Pamir strongly uplifted. For the far-field effect of the India-Eurasia collision, the Tian Shan on the north margin of the Tarim Basin also uplifted intensely during this period. Extensive exhumation went along with these upliftings. The material of the exhumation was transported to the foreland basin by rivers, which formed the very thick Cenozoic deposition sequence. These age peaks can be used as characteristic ages to recognize these tectonic blocks. These results lay a solid foundation for tracing the convergence process of Pamir and South Tian Shan in Cenozoic with the help of detrital zircon U-Pb ages of sediments in the foreland basin.