副热带北太平洋大气季节内振荡时空特征的诊断研究

用时空谱分析和小波变换方法,对1958—2002年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料经、纬向风速和位势高度的年时间序列进行了波谱分析,并重点研究了北太平洋副热带区域经向风30—60天振荡(ISO)的时空特征。研究结果表明,北半球经向风与纬向风和位势高度的30—60天振荡特征迥然不同,代表风场经向低频扰动的经向风ISO在副热带和中高纬度最为活跃,而在热带地区的活动十分微弱;北半球副热带850 hPa高度场和纬向风在10—90天内(季节内)振荡的主要能量集中在纬圈波数为1、周期为30—60天的波动上,而850 hPa经向风季节内振荡的主要能量集中在纬圈波数为4—6、周期为30—60天以及70—90天的波动上,上述3个物理量30—60天振荡向西传播的能量都强于向东传播的能量。一年当中,东亚到北太平洋的副热带地区,经向风ISO在东亚—西北太平洋与东北太平洋两个区域的活动最强,且在这两个区域存在明显的季节振荡,即东北太平洋的ISO在冬季最强在夏季最弱,而东亚—西北太平洋区域的ISO在夏季最强冬季最弱。850 hPa经向风ISO的年际和年代际变化分析表明,在东亚副热带区域其活动1958—1975年较强,1976—1990年明显减弱,而1991—2000年最强;其在ENSO发生期间有较为明显的异常活动,但其强弱变化没有显著的定势,然而2—7年的带通滤波分析表明西北太平洋ISO的年际活动含有较显著的ENSO信号,9年的低通滤波分析表明,年代际时间尺度上,西北太平洋ISO的活动与ENSO循环有较为显著的反相关特征,而东北太平洋区域ISO与ENSO循环有较为显著的正相关关系。     

Fatty acid profiles of benthic environment associated with artificial reefs in subtropical Hong Kong

Artificial reefs can enhance habitat heterogeneity, especially in seabed degraded by bottom-dredging and trawling. However, the trophodynamics of such reef systems are not well understood. This study provided baseline data on trophic relationships in the benthic environment associated with artificial reefs in late spring and mid summer of subtropical Hong Kong, using fatty acid profiles as an indicator. Data from sediments collected at the reef base, materials from sediment traps deployed on top and bottom of the reefs, total particulate matter from the water column and oyster tissues from reef surface were subjected to principal component analysis. Results showed variations of fatty acid profiles in the total particulate matter, upper sediment trap and oyster tissue samples collected in the two samplings, indicating seasonal, trophodynamic changes within the reef system. The wastes produced by fish aggregating at the reefs can also contribute a source of biodeposits to the nearby benthic environment.     

Structure and taxonomic composition of free-living nematode and macrofaunal assemblages in a eutrophic subtropical harbour,Hong Kong

The spatial and seasonal taxonomic composition patterns of macrofauna and nematodes in a eutrophic subtropical harbour, previously suffered from sewage pollution, were studied in relation to a number of sediment parameters. In the polluted, inner-harbour area, levels of organic contents and heavy metals were high, whereas species number, abundance and diversity of nematodes and macrofauna were the lowest in comparison to the cleaner, outer-harbour area. Different taxonomic composition patterns of nematodes and macrofaunal assemblages were found between inner-harbour and outer-harbour area, which was highly correlated with sediment nutrient levels. Different responses of macrofaunal and nematode communities to sewage pollution suggested that macrofauna might be more tolerant than nematodes to eutrophic conditions due to their ability to modify the sediment. The present findings indicated the usefulness of studying both nematode and macrofaunal communities, in order to reveal different aspects of the benthic ecosystems in response to organic enrichment.     

广州城市气候资源与被动蒸发冷却技术的应用

城市热岛效应是城市的病态气候现象,潜在的危害极大。从广州的亚热带城市气候资源水平出发,讨论了应用城市气候资源的自我调节机制改善城市热环境的方法,目的在于减弱广州的城市热岛效应。广州地区利用被动蒸发冷却技术可获得建筑屋面的最大差为１０℃,平均温差为５℃。分析认为,广州地区因为具有完整的气候要素,具备依靠被动蒸发冷却技术实现城市非绿地地表面被动降温的自然条件。文中还提出了广州城市资源应用研究方向的５项     

Estimation of fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in northeastern Taiwan

The fog meteorology, fog chemistry and fog deposition on epiphytic bryophytes were investigated from July 2000 to June 2001 in the Yuanyang Lake forest ecosystem. The elevation of the site ranges from 1650 to 2420 m, at which the high frequency of fog occurrence throughout the year has been thought to be of benefit to the establishment of the primary Taiwan yellow cypress forest [Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana (Hayata) Rehder] and to the extensive growth of the epiphytic bryophytes. A weather station including a visibility sensor and an active fog collector was installed for fog meteorological and chemical study. The fog deposition rate on epiphytic bryophytes was estimated by measuring the increase rate in plant weight when exposed to fog. Average fog duration of 4.7 and 11.0 h per day was measured in summer months (June to August) and the rest of the year, respectively. November 2000 was the foggiest month in which the average fog duration reached 14.9 h per day. The ionic composition of fog water revealed that the area was less polluted than expected from literature data. The in situ exposure experiments done with the dominant epiphytic bryophytes showed an average fog deposition rate of 0.63 g H₂O g⁻¹ d. w. h⁻¹, which approximated 0.17 mm h⁻¹ at the stand scale. The nutrient fluxes estimated for February 2001 showed that for all ions, more than 50% of the ecosystem input was through fog deposition. These results demonstrate the importance of epiphytic bryophytes and fog deposition in nutrient cycling of this subtropical montane forest ecosystem. The incorporation of fog study in the long-term ecosystem research projects is necessary in this area.     

夏季副热带涡旋活动的气候学研究

引入新的涡旋识别方法,在全球副热带选取西北太平洋、东北太平洋、西北大西洋、东北大西洋和澳洲及其附近南太平洋5个涡旋活动代表性区域,用1985—2002年夏季ECMWF40年再分析资料统计,再用同期NCEP40年再分析资料对比,研究了副热带涡旋的气候学问题。结果表明:(1)两种再分析资料得到的涡旋空间分布型在5个区域都有较好的一致性,其中西北太平洋区域两种资料的相关性最好。(2)NCEP再分析资料得到的涡旋频数和强度都明显弱于ERA40计算结果,这主要是由于两种再分析资料的模式分辨率不同而造成的。(3)5个区域的涡旋活动主要分布在近海和海陆交界处,向陆地和内海方向减少。(4)西北太平洋有两个涡旋活动的高值中心:一个位于中国南海,另一个位于菲律宾东侧向北分布至中国黄海的西太平洋近海海域,为5个研究区域中面积最大。(5)西北大西洋的涡旋活动主要分布在从巴拿马地区向西侧太平洋延伸的纬度带内。(6)东北太平洋和东北大西洋的涡旋活动分布型相似,都位于5°—20°N的纬度带内,由海陆交界处伸向海洋。(7)澳洲及其附近南太平洋区域的涡旋活动不如其余4个区域强,主要分布在赤道一侧的近海区域。(8)除西北太平洋和西北大西洋区域外,其余两种再分析资料得到的3个区域涡旋活动年际变化有较大差异。(9)在西北太平洋和西北大西洋区域,涡旋活动的频繁程度没有表现出长期趋势,但具有清楚的阶段性特征,且两个区域的年际变化并不相同。(10)西北太平洋区域从20世纪80年代中期以来,涡旋个体强度呈增强趋势,这个增强的趋势在全球副热带地区最为明显。西北大西洋在90年代中期以前,涡旋强度有显著增强的趋势,而之后减弱。     

Evaluation of contaminants retention in soils from Viamão District, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Adsorption is one of the most significant processes in the mobility of soluble pollutants in soils. The aim of this work is to characterize and evaluate the adsorption capacity of soils from Viamão District, Brazil. The studied ions were lead_total, copper_total, sulfate, phosphate, and potassium. The soils were mapped by remote sensing and characterized by granulometrical and mineralogical techniques. The adsorption tests were made by the contact of soil samples with aqueous solutions. The soils adsorption capacity presented the following trend: Pb_total>Cu_total≈PO ₄ ³⁻ >K⁺ ≈SO ₄ ²⁺ . Adsorption in the soils is strongly influenced by clay content. The adsorption of phosphate, copper, and lead was accentuated by the presence of organic matter. Phosphate adsorption was controlled by oxides and organic matter. Both potassium and sulfate showed insignificant adsorption in the studied soils.