SHAW模式的改进及其在黄土高原半干旱区的模拟研究

陆面过程模拟研究中的一个关键问题是如何准确的计算陆气间能量交换,但现有的陆面过程模式模拟的湍流通量与观测值间仍然存在较大偏差,因此改进湍流通量的参数化方案对于提高陆面过程模式模拟能力有重要意义。本研究通过改进陆面过程模式SHAW中的热力粗糙度方案,以及引入干表层蒸发方案,以期改善湍流通量的模拟能力。在此基础上利用黄土高原半干旱区SACOL站观测资料,进行模式改进前后的单点模拟对比试验,研究其参数化方案改进对陆面过程模拟的影响。结果表明:改进后的SHAW模式能够合理地模拟黄土高原半干旱区陆面特征的变化趋势,模拟值与观测值偏差较小。与原来的SHAW模式模拟结果相比,改进后的SHAW_MOD模式显著提高了湍流通量的模拟能力,并改善了净辐射和深层土壤温度的模拟,但对土壤湿度的改进并不明显,这可能与土壤内部水热传输过程及相关参数化方案有关,还有待做进一步研究。     

陆面过程模式TBLSHAW的设计及其在黄土高原地区的模拟研究

为了改善陆面过程模式在半干旱地区的模拟能力,在SHAW(Simultaneous Heat and Water Model)模式和CoLM(Common Land Surface Model)模式参数化方案基础上,结合黄土高原SACOL站(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University)得到的部分土壤和近地层的研究结果,利用SHAW模式的动力框架,发展了一个新的陆面过程模式TBLSHAW(Two-Big-Leaf-SHAW)。该模式由一层植被、多层土壤和湍流边界层构成。在植被层主要采取双大叶模型计算能量平衡;土壤层利用水热耦合传输模型计算土壤温度和湿度,并包含了冻融、蒸发及降水渗透等物理过程;湍流边界层采取莫宁—奥布霍夫理论计算湍流通量。最后利用SACOL站获取的观测资料,对TBLSHAW模式进行了模拟检验。结果表明,TBLSHAW模式能够合理地模拟半干旱地区各项陆面过程特征的变化趋势;模拟的土壤温度和土壤湿度与观测值的偏差较小,模式效率和相关系数较高;模拟的净短波辐射及向上长波辐射较好;但是模拟的感热通量、潜热通量与观测值偏差较大,这可能与该地区的能量闭合度较低有关,还有待进一步研究。     

黄土高原地表能量闭合特征及土壤通量参数化

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(简称SACOL站)2008年夏季晴天的湍流、 辐射、 土壤温度和通量梯度观测资料, 确定了晴天土壤热参数, 并结合土壤热流量板测量的温度积分法把实际测量通量推算到地表; 讨论了典型黄土高原沟壑区土壤热量储存对地表能量闭合率的影响; 建立了计算地表土壤热通量的模型. 结果表明: 黄土高原典型沟壑区夏季晴天平均土壤热容量为1.23×10⁶ J5m^-35K^-1; 能量平衡方程中, 以5 cm 埋深处HFP01SC热流量板观测值 (G₅) 表示土壤热通量时, SACOL站地表能量闭合率为75.7%. 采用温度积分法, 将HFP01SC的直接测量结果校正到地表(G_s)后, 地表能量闭合率可以达到81.8%; 0~5 cm土壤层的热量储存对能量平衡的贡献为6.1%. 模型计算得土壤热通量(G_m)与G_s之间的线性回归斜率为0.973(显著性水平为0.1‰). (H+LE)与(R_n-G_m)进行线性回归, 得到地表能量闭合率为81.7%. 表明模型与温度积分法计算计算土壤热通量非常接近, 但通过参数化方法计算时仅需要知道R_n即可.     

三个陆面过程模式在西北半干旱区的模拟性能对比

利用NOAH(The Community Noah Land Surface Model)、SHAW(Simultaneous Heat and Water)和CLM(Community Land Model)3个不同的陆面过程模式及兰州大学(Semi-Arid Climate Observatory and Laboratory,SACOL)2007年的观测资料,对黄土高原半干旱区的陆面过程进行了模拟研究。通过与观测值间的对比,考察不同陆面过程模式在半干旱区的适用性。研究结果表明:3个模式在半干旱区的模拟性能有较大差异。其中,CLM模式模拟的20 cm以上的浅层土壤温度最优,SHAW模式模拟的深层土壤温度最优;SHAW模式模拟的土壤含水量与观测值最为接近,而NOAH和CLM模式模拟值有较大偏差;3个模式均能较好地模拟地表反射辐射,其中SHAW模式模拟值与观测值的偏差最小;对地表长波辐射的模拟,CLM模式的模拟最优;3个模式均能较好地反映感热、潜热通量的变化趋势,其中CLM模式对感热的模拟性能优于其他两个模式,在有降水发生后的湿润条件下,CLM模式对潜热的模拟性能最优,而无降水的干燥条件下,CLM模式的模拟偏差最大,NOAH模式对冬季潜热的模拟最优。总体而言,CLM模式能够更好地再现半干旱区地气之间的相互作用,但模式对土壤含水量及干燥条件下的潜热通量的模拟较差,模式对半干旱区陆气间的水文过程还有待进一步的研究和改进。     

Surface turbulent flux measurements over the Loess Plateau for a semi-arid climate change study

In order to provide high quality data for climate change studies, the data quality of turbulent flux measurements at the station of SACOL (Semi-Arid Climate & Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University), which is located on a semi-arid grassland over the Loess Plateau in China, has been analyzed in detail. The effects of different procedures of the flux corrections on CO₂, momentum, and latent and sensible heat fluxes were assessed. The result showed that coordinate rotation has a great influence on the momentum flux but little on scalar fluxes. For coordinate rotation using the planar fit method, different regression planes should be determined for different wind direction sectors due to the heterogeneous nature of the ground surface. Sonic temperature correction decreased the sensible heat flux by about 9%, while WPL correction (correction for density fluctuations) increased the latent heat flux by about 10%. WPL correction is also particularly important for CO₂ fluxes. Other procedures of flux corrections, such as the time delay correction and frequency response correction, do not significantly influence the turbulent fluxes. Furthermore, quality tests on stationarity and turbulence development conditions were discussed. Parameterizations of integral turbulent characteristics (ITC) were tested and a specific parameterization scheme was provided for SACOL. The ITC test on turbulence development conditions was suggested to be applied only for the vertical velocity. The combined results of the quality tests showed that about 62%–65% of the total data were of high quality for the latent heat flux and CO₂ flux, and as much as about 76% for the sensible heat flux. For the momentum flux, however, only about 35% of the data were of high quality.