从新中国邮票看中国地貌

我国幅员辽阔,有着雄伟的河山和绚丽多彩的景色。本文将通过新中国邮票介绍国土资源的基础知识,展现我国地貌的概况。一、河谷河谷是一种线状延伸的倾斜凹地,是流水的侵蚀和堆积作用形成的。分为河床、河滩地、谷坡地。在山区,河床由基岩和粗大的冲击物组成。山区的河谷一般狭窄,两岸不规则,坡度较大,多成阶梯状。由于岩性的软硬和地质构造的不同,有些河谷还会受到差别侵蚀,形成瀑布。在平原地区河床宽,坡度小,水流缓,所以泥沙容易沉积而形成＂地上河＂,例如：黄河。河流洪水期淹没的河床以外谷底部分叫做河滩地。这是由于河床受到流水的侧向侵蚀,凹岸后退,凸岸堆积逐步形成的。     

赤道太平洋古近纪沉积物堆积作用的演化

古近纪构造事件及与其有关的进化性全球变冷导致海洋中环流体系的重建。例如,在太平洋赤道区出现了具有高生物生产率的地区。在新近纪,当深部水（赤道上升流）的上升特别强烈时,生物质沉积物的堆积速度显著增加。由于这个地区具有在海洋演化中重要时期最重要的海洋学和气候学事件记录的古近纪沉积作用,出现了雪崩式巨厚层的新近纪沉积物。由于这个原因,它们的成分和结构至今仍研究很差。     

河流的凹岸与凸岸问题详解

正河流是自然地理环境的重要组成要素,对河流的考查一直是高考命题的钟情点。没有水的世界缺少灵动,没有河流的考卷也同样显得枯燥。以河流的水文特征及河流对区域环境的影响作为命题的载体,能很好地考查学生对自然地理环境整体性与差异性的理解,尤其是考查河流的凹岸与凸岸问题,成为今年高考的一个新亮点。     

Trace metal geochemistry of core sediments between Visakhaptanam and Kakinada, along the eastcoast of India

Six sediment core samples collected from the innershelf of the east coast of India between Visakhapatnam and Kakinada were analyzed for major （Al ＆ Fe） and trace metals （Cu, Co, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn ＆ Cr） to study the processes that regulate their concentrations in coastal sediments and to evaluate the metal contamination due to anthropogenic interference. High concentrations of Fe （5%-7%） are attributed mainly to the fine texture and its proximity to the source, maflc rocks. Positive correlation of Fe with Mn in all the cores indicates the influence of early diagenetic process. Positive correlations between Co, Ni, Zn and Cd among themselves and with Fe indicate their adsorption to ferromanganese oxides and involvement in geochemical processes. Further normalization of metals to Al indicates that the sediments are depleted in Mn ＆ Zn and relatively enriched in Cd, Co, Ni, Pb ＆ Cr, which also confirms that the origin of these sediments is of geological rather than biogenic importance. The Geo-accumulation （Igeo） values calculated for Ni, Pb, Co, Cd, Zn ＆ Cr are more or less near to unity （Igeo≥1）, indicating no industrial metal pollution. Pollution Load Index （PLI） values （1-2） calculated for the trace metals confirm the above findings.     

Accumulation of cadmium by bivalves in the Pacific Northwest

Bivalves （mussels, scallops, oysters）, from the Pacific Northwest coast of British Columbia, Canada, contain high levels of cadmium, in some cases exceeding 7 μg/g wet weight of tissue. We have for the past 5 years, attempted to determine the source of this cadmium to these filter-feeding invertebrates, with our objective being that we would then be able to advise where bivalves could be cultured for human consumption such that cadmium accumulation by the bivalve was minimized. Our studies have indicated that there are distinct regional and temporal variations in bivalve cadmium residues. Some patterns in cadmium accumulation did occur, e.g. for bivalves located on the most outer westcoast of British Columbia, cadmium residues demonstrated some seasonal dependence. In general, however, variations could not be readily ascribed to food sources （oceanic versus terrestrial）, or to abiotic factors such as salinity and turbidity. Cadmium residues in oysters were negatively correlated with temperature supportive of a seasonal influence on measured cadmium concentrations.     

Heavy metals accumulation in urban soils of Belarus： Testing, mapping and ecological risk assessment

Soil pollution is among priority environmental problems in Belarus, especially in cities. Main compound of the health risk are connected with soil pollution-consumption of plants production cultivated at polluted soils. Now in Belarus cultivation of vegetables and potatoes is rather typical at allotment gardens, in rural parts of cities and towns and in suburban regions. Mapping of soil pollution and study of pollutant accumulation in plant production in connections with soil contamination and health risk assessment were conducted in a few large cities of Belarus （Minsk, Gomel, Svetlogorsk, etc）. Investigation includes sampling of soils and vegetation according to a certain plan, sample processing, chemical analysis, results assimilation, mapping, and risk assessment. Contents of soluble compounds （nitrates, sulphates etc.）, total and reactive heavy metals （lead, zinc, cadmium, etc.） were determined. Heavy metal contents were determined by AAS. Elevated levels of heavy metals were detected in soils used for growing vegetables and potatoes. Priority pollutants, as for urban soils on the whole, are lead and zinc. Average accumulation coefficient （related to local background values） for investigated areas within the limits 2.1-7.8. Contents of lead exceeding Maximum Permissible Concentrations （MPC） were detected in 16% of the samples collected in kitchen gardens of Gomel, of zinc in 38% of the samples from kitchen gardens of Svetlogorsk. Average content of zinc in cabbage, carrot and red beet in background conditions amounts to 4 mg/kg, in potatoes, 3.6 mg/kg. In samples of agricultural production from Svetlogorsk the contents of zinc vary from 1.7 to 156.6 mg/kg; average content in cabbage, 25.8 mg/kg, in red beet, 18.0, carrot, 11.8, potatoes, 5.6 mg/kg. For ecological risk assessment from polluted agricultural products consumption the concept of reference dose was applied.     

Selected aspects of studies of sediments from the Ebro River （Spain） and the Dobczyce drinking water reservoir （Poland） within the frames of the European and national research projects

Mineral and organic matter either soluble or suspended are transported by the rivers and when deposited in the bed of the river or in the water reservoir, sediments are formed, whose chemical composition may serve as a fingerprint of the history of the ecosystem. The results of the studies of sediments in water systems （river catchments, reservoirs） can be used not only for the evaluation of the current state of the ecosystem but also to prevent any dangerous environmental changes. Bottom sediments can in many ways accumulate both suspended and soluble components. The process is influenced by several factors like pH, red-ox potential, oxygen content, interactions, etc. The complexity of those phenomena causes that in order to study the accumulation processes of compounds in sediments the application of various analytical techniques is required. The authors participate in two big projects on sediment studies. The AquaTerra Project is the EU funded project on understanding river-sediment-soil-groundwater interactions for support of management of river basins and catchment areas. Our group＇s studies are focused on mercury determination and its speciation in sediments and fish from the Ebro River in Spain. The Dobczyce Project is the national project funded by the Ministry of Education and sciences of Poland which is also a EU member country. The latter covers many aspects of accumulation and fate processes of chemical compounds in sediments of the reservoir which supplies 60% of drinking water to about one million population in the city of Krakow in Poland.