关于西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其机制研究

采用１９９８年南海季风试验期间的高质量高分辨资料和ＮＣＥＰ提供的４０年再分析资料以及相关的海温和副高参数资料，研究了西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其与东亚副热带夏季风和外强迫的关系。发现在月平均图上，西太平洋副高中心（或脊线）附近看不到下沉气流，但在候平均图和日平均图上脊线附近的若干区域下沉气流明显。这表明西太平洋副高的准定常和瞬变部分的环流结构特征有显著不同。在副高北侧东亚副热带季风雨带上有暴雨发生时，其凝结海热激发的经圈环流对相应经度上的副高脊线附近的下沉气流有显著贡献。分析表明，脊线附近高（低）空的下沉气流分别来自副高北（南）侧，表明副高是中高纬和低纬度系统相互联结的纽带。相关统计指出，夏季西太平洋副高的三个参数（面积、强度和脊线纬度）与长江中下游降水存在很高的相关，降水偏多（少），副高面积偏大（小），强度偏强（弱），脊线偏南（北），这说明与降水相应的凝结潜热对副高的年际异常有重要影响。近海海温和东亚海陆热力差指数与夏季长江中下游降水和副高三参数均存在显著的相关，这表明东亚经向和纬向海陆热力差是影响副热带夏季降水和西太平洋副高年际变化的基本因子。数值试验结果指出，近海海温异常所形成的     

Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of mean zonal wind during summer monsoon

Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of horizontally and vertically shearing mean monsoon flow during July is investigated numerically by using a 10-layer quasi-geostrophic model. The most unstable mode has a wavelength of about 3000 km and westward phase speed of about 15 m sec^–1. The most dominant energy conversion is from zonal kinetic energy to eddy kinetic energy. The structure of the most unstable mode is such that the maximum amplitude is concentrated at about 150 mb and the amplitude at the lowest layers is negligibly small. Barotropic instability of the zonal flow at 150 mb seems to be the primary excitation mechanism for the most unstable mode which is also similar to the observed westward propagating waves in the upper troposphere during the monsoon season. The results further suggest that Barotropic-Baroclinic instability of the mean monsoon flow cannot explain the occurrence of monsoon depressions which have their maximum amplitude at the lower levels and are rarely detected at 200 mb.     

浙江省暖冬的特点及其与汛期降水的关系

利用1951年以来的冬季(12—2月)的平均气温资料，划分了浙江省暖冬年，发现暖冬年亚洲西风带纬向环流占优势，低纬度西太平洋副热带高压偏强、位置偏西。暖冬年份与浙江省进入汛期后的总降水量和台风次数，都有较好的关系。     

On the physical meaning of the zonal components of the geopotential

The MacCullagh equation is of key importance in the study of the Earth. It connects the geometrical and the physical properties of the Earth through the geodynamical shape factor J₂. This second zonal geopotential coefficient is closely related to the flattening and to the angular spin velocity of the Earth as well as to its equatorial (A) and polar (C) moments of inertia. Through these moments of inertia the gravitational potential V is connected to the mass density distribution within the Earth.The main target of the present study is to obtain a generalized form of the MacCullagh equation for even orders n ≥ 2 by including the higher order zonal coefficients J_n connected with the higher (n ≥ 2) degree moments of inertia C_n and A_n. The higher the degree n, the higher is the weight of the near-surface (i.e. shallow) mass density distribution in J_n. The second part of this contribution deals with the temporal variations of J_n, dJ_n/dt for n ≥ 2.     

Linkage Between the Northeast Mongolian Precipitation and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation

The long-term relationship between the tree-ring-reconstructed annual precipitation in northeastern Mongolia (PRM) and the Northern Hemisphere Zonal Circulation (NHZC)§defined as the normalized zonal mean sea-level pressure at 60N in May-June-July, is examined in this study. A significant correlation coefficient (0.31) was found between the NHZC indices and PRM based on the dataset for the period of 1872–1995. The mechanisms responsible for the relationship are discussed through analyses of the atmospheric general circulation variability associated with NHZC. It follows that NHZC-related atmospheric circulation variability provides an anomalous southeast flow from the ocean to Northeast Mongolia (northwest flow from Northeast Mongolia to the ocean) in the middle and low troposphere in positive (negative) phase of NHZC, resulting in more (less) water vapor transport to the target region and more (less) precipitation in Northeast Mongolia.     

Characteristics of Zonal Propagation of Atmospheric Kinetic Energy at Equatorial Region in Asia

Based on the daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1980 to 1997, the zonal propagations of 850 hPa kinetic energy (KE) and meridional wind (v) at equatorial region are examined respectively. Results show that the strongest center of KE in the tropical Asian monsoon region is located at 75°-90°E, with the secondary over the Somalia low-level jet channel, i.e., about 50°E. East to 90°E, disturbances of both KE and v observed are mainly coming from the western Pacific Ocean and propagating westward to the Bay of Bengal (BOB) passing through the South China Sea. But the propagation directions of both KE and v are rather disorderly between the BOB and the Somalia jet channel. Therefore, the East Asian summer monsoon and the Indian summer monsoon are different in the propagating features of the disturbances of KE and v. Above facts indicate that East Asian monsoon system exists undoubtedly even at the equatorial region, and quite distinct from the Indian monsoon system, it is mainly affected by the disturbances coming from the tropical western Pacific rather than from the Indian monsoon region. The boundary of the two monsoon systems is around 95°-100°E, which is more westward than the counterpart as proposed in earlier studies by 5-10 degrees in longitude.     

我国臭氧总量的时空分布特征

根据臭氧总量的地理分布特征,把我国划分成7个区域,利用卫星观测的TOMS和SBUV资料对这7个区域上空的臭氧总量多年(1979—2003年)的纬向偏差分布、年际变化、周期分布等特征进行了分析。结果表明,东部地区的臭氧总量常年大于西部地区的臭氧总量,青藏高原、西北高原与东部同纬度地区相比,在夏季差别最大,冬季最小。四川盆地上空的臭氧总量常年比周围地区要高。研究还表明,每个区域都存在准2 a、4~5 a和8~10 a的周期振荡。     

A Critical Analysis of a Recent Test of the Lense–Thirring Effect with the LAGEOS Satellites

In this paper, we quantitatively discuss the impact of the current uncertainties in the even zonal harmonic coefficients J _l of the Newtonian part of the terrestrial gravitational potential on the measurement of the general relativistic Lense–Thirring effect. We use a suitable linear combination of the nodes Ω of the laser-ranged LAGEOS and LAGEOS-II satellites. The one-sigma systematic error due to mismodelling of the J _l coefficients ranges from ~ 4% for the EIGEN−GRACE02S gravity field model to ~ 9% for the GGM02S model. Another important source of systematic error of gravitational origin is represented by the secular variations j _l of the even zonal harmonics. While the relativistic and J _l signals are linear in time, the shift due to j _l is quadratic. We quantitatively assess their impact on the measurement of the Lense–Thirring effect with numerical simulations obtaining a 10−20% one-sigma total error over 11 years for EIGEN-GRACE02S. Ciufolini and Pavlis (Nature 431:958–960, 2004) claim a total error of 5% at the one-sigma level.     

Ammonite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fauriella boissieri</Emphasis> (Pictet), the index species of the Berriasian upper zone from the Crimean Mountains

Ammonite Fauriella boissieri (Pictet), the index species of the Berriasian upper zone, is described for the first time as taxon occurring in the Crimean Mountains. In the Berriasian sections of the central Crimea and Chatyr-Dag massif, species F. boissieri are encountered only in association with upper Berriasian ammonites. The Berriasian-Valanginian boundary has not been identified based on ammonites in the Crimean Mountains. Consequently, there is no reason to include the otopeta Zone into the boissieri Zone in the rank of its upper subzone.     

Intermodel Diversity in the Zonal Location of the Climatological East Asian Westerly Jet Core in Summer and Association with Rainfall over East Asia in CMIP5 Models

The East Asian westerly jet(EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system,plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific(WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid–upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest–northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.