The evolution of brittle and ductile structures at the surface of a partly debris-covered,rapidly thinning and slowly moving glacier in 1998–2012 (Pasterze Glacier,Austria)

Many glaciers in alpine regions are currently rapidly receding and thinning at historically unobserved rates causing changes in the velocity field and in normal and shear stresses affecting the surface expression of structures within the ice. We studied the distribution of brittle and ductile structures at the surface of Pasterze Glacier during a 14-year period by analysing orthophotos and digital elevation models of five stages (1998, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012). A structural glaciological mapping key was applied. Normal faults, strike-slip faults, en échelon structures (systematic stepping of fractures), thrust faults, and band ogives were distinguished. Results indicate substantial deceleration and glacier thinning in 1998–2012. Glacier thinning was not homogenous over time related to the uneven distribution of supraglacial debris causing differential ablation or the selective ablation effects of subglacial water channels. Peculiar supraglacial features observed are circular collapse structures with concentric crevasses which form when the ice between the surface and the roof of water channels decreases. The total length of brittle structures increased from 38.4 km to 56.9 km whereas the extent of the glacier tongue decreased by 25%. The fracture density doubled from 0.009 to 0.018 m/m². Areas of the glacier tongue which were up to 100 m away from the nearest brittle structure increased by 16%. The visual appearance of thrust faults shifted upglacier due to decreasing glacier velocity causing horizontal shortening or due to exhumation of faults that did not previously extend to the surface. A large number of brittle structures are progressively independent from glacier motion. Our study suggests that glacier tongues which are in a state of rapid decay and thinning are prone to fracturing due to normal fault formation and glacier disintegration. Water further increases ablation rates substantially if rather large amounts drain through supra-, en- or subglacial water channels. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

日冕磁场和重联的射电信号

总结了近期用射电频谱仪（高时间和高频谱分辨）和野边山射电日像仪（高空间分辨）以及国内外其它空间和地面设备分析日冕磁场和重联的系列工作。主要结论可归纳为：1）在Dulk等人（1982）的近似下自恰计算射电爆发源区磁场的平行和垂直分量，并首次得到该磁场在日面的两雏分布。2）为了考虑非热电子低能截止的影响，必须采用更严格的回旋同步辐射理论来计算。结果表明：低能截止和日冕磁场对计算有明显的影响，而其它参数（包括背景温度、密度、高能截止和辐射方向）的影响均可忽略。因此，对低能截止和日冕磁场必须联立求解。3）射电爆发中的精细结构可能反映了射电爆发源比较靠近粒子加速（磁场重联）的区域，利用高时间和高频率分辨的频谱仪和高空间分辨的日像仪联合分析，可以确定精细结构的源区位置，从而确定粒子加速（磁场重联）的准确时间和地点。     

Reflected and transmitted waves in a channel with side porous mattresses

The problem of wave propagation and wave damping in a channel with side porous mattresses of arbitrary shape protruding from the walls is studied. The solution was achieved by applying 3-D boundary element method and was employed to study wave field in the channel and to analyze the effect of the geometry of the mattresses and physical and hydraulic properties of porous material on wave damping. The results show that wave damping in the channel strongly depends on wave parameters, especially, on the wave number. Wave reflection and transmission decrease with increasing the wave number. The results also show that the wave field in the channel strongly depends on the geometry of the mattresses as well as on physical and hydraulic properties of porous material used to build these wave dampers. The geometry of the mattresses and physical and hydraulic properties of porous material have a moderate effect on wave reflection and a significant effect on wave transmission. The results show that wave transmission down the channel decreases with increasing the length and thickness of the mattresses. Moreover, wave transmission decreases with increasing the porosity and damping properties of porous media used to build the mattresses. The analysis shows that porous mattresses protruding from the channel walls are very efficient in damping water waves propagating down the channel and may be built in channels to reduce high waves and achieve desired wave conditions. Theoretical results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.     

某隔震结构动力特性的理论分析与脉动测试

本文针对国内最大单体隔震建筑建立了SAP2000三维分析模型,并进行了动力特性的理论分析;现场对实际建筑进行了平移振动、扭转振动、垂直振动和平面内弯曲4个方面的脉动测试。利用工程振动反演理论分析了该结构的固有频率、振型、阻尼等动力特性,将实测结构动力特性与理论分析结果进行比较,详细分析实测结果与理论结果差别的原因,并据此对理论模型进行修正,为今后类似结构的设计积累了资料。     

丁二酸桥联双核铜Cu(C_3N_2H_4)_2(C_4H_5O_4)_2晶体的超分子结构及形貌特征

用XRD,SEM和TEM研究新型配合物Cu(C3N2H4)2(C4H5O4)2的超分子结构和微观形貌,并对新型晶体的平衡外形进行模拟计算,结果表明:该配合物分子具有丁二酸桥联的双核铜结构,中心铜离子处在2个咪唑和4个丁二酸以单齿配位组成的八面体中心,在ab平面,分子中有十四元大环,环内Cu(1)-Cu(2)原子间距为0.8031nm,C(2)-C(2′)为0.4183nm;在ac平面,沿着[010]方向分子内呈现凹的六边形纳米级孔洞;沿[100]方向分子依靠弱的氢键作用,层状堆积成三维超分子结构。此外,随着丁二酸的碳链沿[001]方向无限延伸,形成以铜离子为交叉中心的带状拓扑构型。SEM观察到晶体表面形成有明显的凹坑,区域呈现层状阶梯,说明晶体在(100)面遵照台阶-扭折模型呈层状生长结晶。TEM微区形貌像显示晶体存在条纹和缺陷结构,整体保持柱状构型,这与模拟的晶体平衡外形呈柱状一致。模拟结果表明晶体最易外显晶面为(100)面,外显比例达41.247%,这与晶体超分子层沿[100]方向通过氢键作用堆积,键作用力较弱密切相关。     

台风"云娜"的热动力结构模拟试验研究

对2004年8月登陆我国的台风"云娜"的热动力结构及其演变进行了数值模拟。试验从大尺度环境场、台风中尺度动力和热力场三维结构、台风云雨特征等多角度,对模拟结果与实际观测进行了对比。结果表明,模式不仅较准确地再现了台风登陆前24h移动和演变的全过程,在移向、移速和登陆时间、地点上与实况十分接近,而且对台风系统中尺度结构、云雨特征的模拟与分析场及卫星观测也有较好的一致性。采用的模拟工具是新开发的双重嵌套AREM模式,该模式是静力模式,但对台风仍有较强的模拟能力。此外,本试验无任何人为台风模型的嵌入是其中的一个特点,从而增加了试验的可信度。     

四川盆地—大巴山结合带地壳构造特征:深反射地震约束的重磁解释

大巴山位于四川盆地北部、秦岭南缘,以发育大规模的中生代逆冲推覆构造为世人瞩目,其地壳尺度结构与构造特征对于理解扬子克拉通和华北克拉通的碰撞过程有重要意义.本文基于深反射地震剖面和宽角反射与折射地震数据的约束,结合地质与钻井资料,通过重磁场分析拟合解释,对四川盆地北部—大巴山地壳尺度的构造进行综合研究,建立了地壳断面结构与构造模型.模型显示,四川盆地北部基底和沉积盖层变形差异较大,且上下地壳具有解耦性,上地壳向北延伸至紫阳断裂一带;而下地壳与上地壳拆离,向北延伸远至安康断裂一带.研究区莫霍面起伏较大,自南向北先加深后抬升,在大巴山下出现Moho的构造叠置,这种现象源于大陆地块(扬子克拉通)下地壳向大巴山—秦岭造山带下的俯冲.类似的现象也出现在西昆仑山下,即塔里木盆地下地壳向西昆仑山下俯冲,俯冲板片前缘出现Moho的叠置.     

Full-range nonlinear analysis of fatigue behaviors of reinforced concrete structures by finite element method

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九瑞矿集区三维电性结构研究及找矿意义

九瑞矿集区作为全国重点整装勘查区之一,深部找矿工作一直是研究重点和热点.本文在综合分析研究区区域地质资料、对典型地层和岩石标本进行电阻率参数测试和统计分析的基础上,利用研究区面积性AMT数据进行三维电性结构研究.为获得AMT最佳反演参数,选择一条典型AMT剖面开展二维非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)反演,进而总结出利用TM极化模式数据、拉格朗日乘子等于3的二维反演方案.综合利用地质、钻探和电性特征对全区23条AMT剖面进行二维约束反演,并将所有测线的电阻率反演结果三维网格化,得到了研究区的三维电性结构.最后,我们通过对三维电性结构的综合分析,确定研究区地下地层、岩体展布、断裂构造分布特征以及基底起伏情况.与已知矿床对比,我们发现浅部北西断裂与北东向区域性深部断裂交汇处、基底隆起凹槽边缘以及岩体边缘为成矿有利区.